<p>Kitchell Park is a park which is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. The park is in the city of Pana, Illinois, located in Christian County. A 40 acre facility, Kitchell is one of the city&#39;s main parks. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kitchell Park was given to the city of Pana by John W. Kitchell and his wife Mary Little Kitchell in 1908. It is home to several unique and old features. The round Chautauqua Pavilion was built in 1911 and has attracted such speakers as William Jennings Bryan, World War I hero Sergeant York and Billy Sunday among others. The Schuyler Bridge was constructed entirely of concrete in 1910. The parks ornate main gate acted as the entrance booth for the Tri-County Fair which was held on park grounds from 1885 until it moved to its present fairgrounds in 1949. Part of the parks original horse track is still one of the main roads through the park. The story is that Frank James of the Missouri Gang was starter and timekeeper at the track in his later years, after he was pardoned by authorities.</p><br>
<p>Today the park is home to tennis courts, a disc golf course, softball and baseball diamonds, a swimming pool, playgrounds and a picnic area. The park&#39;s auditorium is the result of a deluge, 6.5 inches of rain, that fell on the area in 1910. It was felt that if the pavilion were to survive adequate shelter would need to be provided. At the time of its construction the auditorium was called one of the most modern in the nation with its seating capacity of 3,500 and 35 X 45 ft stage. The auditorium was renovated in 1955 through funding from the Pana Lions Club. New paint, a concrete floor and rewiring for the installation of 24 overhead lights were all included in the project.</p><br>
<p>Little Brick House is a restored 1860s middle-class home in Vandalia, Illinois, located in Fayette County. The home is the only house in Vandalia to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has been listed as such since 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home is thought to have been constructed in the mid-19th century as an example of Italianate architecture, probably around 1839, before the capitol moved from Vandalia to Springfield. In 1956 Josephine Burtschi purchased the home and began restoring it to its original appearance. Burtschi, a local artist and historian was born in the home. Within the home&#39;s six rooms are furniture, china, engravings and books acquired from descendants of state officers, legislators and the Ferdinand Ernst Colony. The library in the home, called the Berry-Hall Room is a tribute to James William Berry, a talented Illinois artist and Judge James Hall who established Vandalia as "the first literary center west of Cincinnati." Through the years the home has been renovated and furnished with period furnishings and early artifacts of Vandalia. Today the home is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Plantation and Gardens  is a historic house with gardens located on the Ashley River at 3550 Ashley River Road west of Ashley, Charleston County, South Carolina. It is one of the oldest plantations in the South, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Magnolia Plantation is located near Charleston and directly across the Ashley River from North Charleston. The house and gardens are open daily; an admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<p>The plantation dates to 1679, when Thomas and Ann Drayton (née Anna Fox) built a house and small formal garden on the site. The plantation still remains under the control of the Drayton family after 15 generations. Some of the enslaved people who were forced to work at the house were brought by the Draytons from Barbados in the 1670s. The historic Drayton Hall was built in 1738 by enslaved laborers for John Drayton, grandfather of judge John Drayton II, on an adjoining property.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia was originally a rice plantation, with extensive earthworks of dams and dikes built in fields along the river for irrigating land for rice cultivation. African enslaved people from rice-growing regions created the works. As time went on, these enslaved people developed a creolized Gullah language and vibrant culture, strongly influenced by their West African cultures. They have retained many combined cultural elements from West Africa to this day in what is known as the Gullah Heritage Corridor of the Lowcountry and Sea Islands of the Carolinas and Georgia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Magnolia became known for its gardens after the Reverend John Grimké Drayton inherited the property in the 1840s and developed them. Through his mother, Grimké was the grandson of Thomas Drayton, who bequeathed the 1872-acre plantation to him on condition that he take the Drayton surname. Through his father, John was a nephew of sisters Sarah and Angelina Emily Grimké, who moved north and became noted abolitionists.</p><br>
<p>Drayton, an Episcopal minister, began to have the gardens reworked in an English style; according to legend, this was done to lure his bride south from her native Philadelphia. He was among the first to use Camellia japonica in an outdoor setting (1820s), and is said to have introduced the first azaleas to America. Under his supervision, the gardens of Magnolia on the Ashley became well known in the antebellum period for their azaleas and live oak trees. They were photographed by Mathew Brady, who would later become famous for his photographs of the American Civil War. Another visitor to Magnolia in this period was John James Audubon, for whom Magnolia&#39;s Audubon Swamp Garden is named.</p><br>
<p>The plantation house was burned during the Civil War, likely by Union troops, as was neighboring Runnymede Plantation to the northwest. In the aftermath of the Civil War and postwar economic disruption, John Grimké Drayton sold all but 390 acres to raise money. Today, 25 acres of the property are devoted to the gardens, 16 acres for the wide lawn surrounding the live oak allée, and 150 acres for a marsh and water fowl conservatory. Since 1941, about 199 acres have been used for a wholesale ornamental plant nursery to raise money for garden operations.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century, notable visitors included George Gershwin, Henry Ford, Eleanor Roosevelt, Orson Welles and Reba McEntire. In the early 20th century, the impressionist painter William Posey Silva painted the garden a number of times, and several of his canvases are on display in the main house.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Plantation hosts weddings and other special events. Some critics have described plantation weddings such as those at Magnolia Plantation as "creepy" and "disturbing", although Magnolia Plantation has been credited for including information regarding slavery on their website.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Magnolia Plantation is operated as a house museum and tourist attraction. It has a reconstructed and restored plantation house, based on what was built after the Civil War. The oldest section was built prior to the Revolutionary War near Summerville. This structure was transported down the Ashley River after the Civil War and added to the house during its rebuilding. The wide verandah and huge columns were added more recently.</p><br>
<p>Enslaved Africans and African Americans worked in large gangs and lived in large groups on such plantations as Magnolia and others in the Low Country and the Sea Islands, often with little interference by whites. They developed a Creole language, now known as Gullah, that was based on West African languages and incorporated some English, as well as a culture that drew from these various cultures. This is considered a unique culture among the various African-American groups, distinguished by a specific cuisine, which features rice and seafood, and crafts such as baskets made of sea grass.</p><br>
<p>Of the five cabins on site, four were built in slavery times and one about 1900. During the Reconstruction period and later, freedmen lived in the former slave cabins. In order to represent the range of enslaved and free black workers&#39; lives, these cabins have been restored to differing periods: one for 1850 and others to decades after the Civil War into the 20th century. The interpretive program reflects African-American history at the plantation, From Slavery to Freedom. Archeological work is revealing more about the lives of both slaves and free black workers, who were skilled gardeners and craftsmen.</p><br>
<p>Other elements of the plantation emphasize the natural setting: a nature train, a marsh boat tour, and a wildlife area. A petting zoo and the gardens feature a kind of cultivated nature. Many of todays attractions were built starting in 1975 during the gardens renewal.</p><br>
<p>Major garden features include numerous azalea plantings, as well as:</p><br>
<p>Barbados Tropical Garden - indoor tropical garden.</p><br>
<p>Biblical Garden - plants mentioned in the Bible, with Old Testament and New Testament areas</p><br>
<p>Camellia Collection - First Camellia japonica plantings date from the 1820s, with current plantings containing nearly 900 varieties. Nearly 150 were bred in the gardens&#39; nursery.</p><br>
<p>Cattail Wildlife Refuge - approximately 500 acres (2 km), with tower for bird observation.</p><br>
<p>Cypress Lake - Bald cypress trees, up to 100 years old, along riverbanks and wetlands.</p><br>
<p>Flowerdale (50 acres) - Oldest sections established in 1680. Formal plantings of annuals set within triangular beds enclosed by boxwood hedges. Two large camellias date from the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Long Bridge - Built in the 1840s, one of seven bridges on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Maze - replica of England&#39;s famous Hampton Court maze, but planted with some 500 Camellia sasanqua interspersed with Burford holly. Nearly 14 mi of pathways.</p><br>
<p>Nature Center and Zoo - domesticated animals typical to Southern plantations, injured or orphaned native animals, and exotic birds, including Malayan jungle fowl, guinea hens, and peacocks.</p><br>
<p>Swamp Garden - emphasizing indigenous plants and rich ecosystem.</p><br>
<p>The Harlem River Houses is a New York City Housing Authority public housing complex between 151st Street, 153rd Street, Macombs Place, and the Harlem River Drive in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The complex, which covers 9 acre, was built in 1936-37 and opened in October 1937 &ndash; one of the first two housing projects in the city funded by the Federal government &ndash; with the goal of providing quality housing for working-class African Americans. It has 574 apartments.</p><br>
<p>The complex was designated a New York City Landmark in 1975 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. In 2014 the complex was designated a Special Planned Community Preservation District, a zoning category created in 1974 "to preserve and protect... superior examples of town planning or large-scale development." The success of the project can be attributed to its formal, classically influenced design, to the project&#39;s focus on attracting a wide variety of tenants, not just the indigent, and to its "generous budget and high aspirations for quality."</p><br>
<p>Sometime in 2022, the development was converted into RAD PACT Section 8 Management in a Public-private partnership between NYCHA and with the following private companies; Settlement Housing Fund Inc, West Harlem Group Assistance, L+M Builders Group, and C&C Apartment Management LLC. Presbyterian Senior Services was added to their site as a social service provider for their residents.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As originally planned, public housing in New York City was segregated. After the Harlem Riot of 1935, there was pressure to improve housing for African Americans, but no general attempts were made to desegregate public housing. The Harlem River Houses were one of two projects which, for the first time, used Federal funds to construct public housing in New York City as part of Franklin D. Roosevelt&#39;s "New Deal" social program. The project was built by the Housing Division of the Public Works Administration at the cost of $4.5 million, a site owned by the Rockefeller family, which demanded twice the amount which Federal land acquisition guidelines would normally allow to be paid.</p><br>
<p>The other project constructed at about the same time was the Williamsburg Houses in Brooklyn, intended for whites. The construction and opening of the two projects attracted national attention. When the project was completed, 11,000 people applied for the 574 available apartments. As of 1987, about 3 dozen of the tenants were part of the original group.</p><br>
<p>When it opened, the project had child care, health care and a public community room on site. Rent in 1937 was $21.00 a month, and by 1939 was between $19.38 and $31.42 per month. During the Reagan Administration, the rent was raised from 25% to 30% of a family&#39;s gross income.</p><br>
<h2>Architects</h2><br>
<p>Archibald Manning Brown was the chief architect for the project. Other contributing architects included Will Rice Amon, Richard W. Buckley, Frank J. Forster, Charles F. Fuller, Horace Ginsbern, and John Louis Wilson Jr. one of the first African American architects to be registered in New York State. Historians believe that Ginsbern, who had previously worked on the design of garden apartments along the Grand Concourse in the Bronx, was responsible for the project&#39;s overall layout.</p><br>
<p>The landscape architects for the project were headed by Michael Rapuano.</p><br>
<p>The primary sculptor involved in the design of the Harlem River Houses was Heinz Warneke, assisted by T. Barbarossa, F. Steinberger. Richmond Barthé created the frieze Green Pastures: Walls of Jericho for the project, however they installed in 1941 at Kingsborough Houses, a mostly white project.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Each building in the complex is four or five stories tall and is set around landscaped open areas which include lawns, wide walkways, and recreation areas; around two-thirds of the project&#39;s land is open space. Those buildings with an additional story are built on a lower level, giving all buildings the same overall height. They are built from red brick, and have very little trim.</p><br>
<p>The project is divided into three groups of buildings, two of which are west of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard (Seventh Avenue), and one of which lies east of the avenue and west of the Harlem River Drive. All lie between West 151st and 153rd Streets. The two western groups are each arranged around a large plaza, while the eastern group is more linear. The formal layout is "reminiscent of a European park."</p><br>
<p>The 9-acre Harlem River Houses are said to be the most successful public housing in New York City. The architects designed modern, spacious buildings which, according to architecture critic Lewis Mumford, provided:"the equipment for decent living that every modern neighborhood needs: sunlight, air, safety, play space, meeting space, and living space. The families in the Harlem Houses have higher standards of housing, measured in tangible benefits, than most of those on Park Avenue."</p><br>
<p>Another contemporary critic said of the complex:</p><br>
<p>"The whole, in detailing, looks tired &ndash; as if the creative drive and the creators pleasure, which had sailed so triumphantly through the period of general planning and design, had suddenly failed when it came to the last, completing touches. Harlem River Houses is so generally beautiful that one longs for it to be perfect. What might have been great architecture is merely - very good."Artist Richmond Barthés had a public commission from the New York City&#39;s Federal Art Project for an 80-foot bas-relief in cast stone, (1939), created for the embellishment of the Harlem River Houses complex, but upon completion, his work was installed at the Kingsborough Houses in Brooklyn.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Robert Parris Moses (1935–2021), civil rights activist originally with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in Mississippi and key player in Freedom Summer and voting rights advocacy. Originator and developer of the Algebra Project.</p><br>
<p>Lemoine Deleaver Pierce (1934–2015), educator and mediator</p><br>
<p>Savin Hill is a section of Dorchester, the largest neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States.</p><br>
<p>Named after the geographic feature it covers and surrounds, Savin Hill is about one square mile in area, and has a population of about 15,000 people. Savin Hill Beach and Malibu Beach are nearby and are a resource for surrounding communities. Rail and bus routes give access to and from Savin Hill, especially the Savin Hill station.</p><br>
<p>It is the home of the Savin Hill Yacht Club which was founded in 1875 as the Savin Hill Beach Association but later changed its name in 1888. The club is located off Morrissey Boulevard, a main artery in the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The Neponset Indians, a part of the larger Massachusett tribe, spent their summers in Savin Hill for centuries before the arrival of Europeans. Captain John Smith of Virginia, the first English settler in America, visited Dorchester in 1614, and had commerce with the Neponset Indians.</p><br>
<p>Savin Hill was settled and founded in June 1630, just a few months before Boston was settled.</p><br>
<p>The first non-native people arriving in the area were Puritans who came on the "Mary and John" from England. They had formerly settled further south on the coast, in the Hull area, before moving north to a hill overlooking a protected harbor, now called Dorchester Bay.</p><br>
<p>They landed in boats and built a settlement for approximately 140 people near what is today the intersection of Grampian Way and Savin Hill Avenue. Originally, the area was named Rock Hill.</p><br>
<p>By the 1780s, the name changed to Old Hill, a time when the United States was in its infancy.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The original boundary of Dorchester extended almost to the Rhode Island border. As time went on, settlements broke away and the geographical size of the town continued to shrink until 1870, when it disappeared on paper. In that year, the town of Dorchester was incorporated into the city of Boston, and the name became the designation of a neighborhood. By then, the rocky hill where the Puritans first settled had changed its name again, this time to Savin Hill.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Tuttle, a local innkeeper, who had opened a luxurious hotel at what is today the intersection of Savin Hill Avenue and Tuttle Street, invented the new title "Savin Hill" in 1819, which he named after the red juniper trees (Savin trees) that grew abundantly in the area.</p><br>
<p>After the American Civil War, the Worthington family, who owned most of the land in present-day Savin Hill, started selling house lots. At that time, most of the Victorian homes that line the slope of the hill were constructed.</p><br>
<p>Transportation influenced the development of the neighborhood. The Shawmut Branch Railroad provided a connection to downtown Boston starting in 1872. It was soon acquired by the Old Colony Railroad.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Savin Hill Station became part of Boston&#39;s rapid transit network in 1927, now operated as the MBTA Red Line.</p><br>
<p>When it was separated from the ocean by Morrissey Boulevard in the early 1930s, Savin Hill became a clearly defined area within Dorchester. The distinct nature of the hill itself was made more evident by the trench of the Southeast Expressway (Interstate 93) in the late 1950s. Today, this original area is often referred to as Savin Hill "over the bridge," meaning on the east side of where Savin Hill Avenue bridges the Expressway. The full section commonly designated Savin Hill now runs as far west as Pleasant Street, and north-south from Columbia Road to Hancock Street.</p><br>
<p>Its relative isolation, solid and often historically significant housing stock, and proximity to downtown Boston have helped make Savin Hill one of the areas of Dorchester which has undergone the most gentrification in recent years. Many of the neighborhood&#39;s traditional two- and three-family houses have been converted to individually owned condominiums since the late 1990s.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>Due to its historic character the entire neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Colonel Crawford Burn Site Monument is a war monument in rural Wyandot County, Ohio, United States. Placed in the 1870s, it commemorates the death by burning of Colonel William Crawford during the concluding years of the American Revolution. The stone monument itself was long the subject of local interest, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>As the end of the American Revolution approached, warfare continued in the backcountry of modern Ohio; British-allied Indians continued to harass the American settlers. In 1782, a regiment of Virginia soldiers was sent in reprisal to destroy Indian villages on the Sandusky River, under the command of William Crawford, a friend of victorious General George Washington. However, the Crawford expedition ended on June 4 after a skirmish south of modern-day Carey, and the Americans retreated. Colonel Crawford was captured by the Indians after the battle, and seven days later he was tortured and burned at the stake on the banks of Tymochtee Creek in present-day northeastern Wyandot County.</p><br>
<p>As the centenary of the burning approached, a movement arose to commemorate Crawfords death with a monument. The movements proponents were aroused by a strong sense of the incidents importance: besides being the earliest major event in Wyandot County history, it was the countys most prominent event of all time in their opinion. One of the countys leading lawyers, Curtis Berry, originated the idea of marking the site. The marker is made of sandstone from Berea, Ohio, worked in the shape of a cannon and cut approximately 8.5 ft tall. Local labor at B.L. Bauschers firm in Upper Sandusky performed the stone cutting during the middle of 1877, and the monument was dedicated later in the year. The dedication ceremony saw thousands of people in attendance. For many years, the local Pioneer Association hosted an annual Pioneer Picnic at the monument, until the deaths of older residents and the apathy of younger residents saw the demise of the event in 1935. Interest returned in the 1970s: locals opposed the construction of a proposed electric transmission line by the site, and it became a popular location for school field trips.</p><br>
<p>In April 1982, the monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its connection to Crawford; it is one of ten such locations in Wyandot County. Commemorative monuments are typically ineligible for National Register listing, and sites such as the Crawford Burn Site Monument can qualify only if the markers themselves have become historically significant.</p><br>
<p>The Tweed Courthouse  is a historic courthouse building at 52 Chambers Street in the Civic Center of Manhattan in New York City. It was built in the Italianate style with Romanesque Revival interiors. William M. "Boss" Tweedthe corrupt leader of Tammany Hall, a political machine that controlled the New York state and city governments when the courthouse was builtoversaw the building&#39;s erection. The Tweed Courthouse served as a judicial building for New York County, a county of New York state coextensive with the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is the second-oldest city government building in the borough, after City Hall.</p><br>
<p>The structure comprises pavilions to the east and west of a central section, as well as a rear wing to the south. Architect John Kellum and political appointee Thomas Little designed the first portion of the building, which was constructed from 1861 to 1872. Construction was interrupted in 1871 when Kellum died and the corruption involved in the building&#39;s construction was exposed to the public. The project was completed by architect Leopold Eidlitz, who added the rear wing and finished the interior between 1877 and 1881.</p><br>
<p>The media criticized the project as wasteful and gaudy during the courthouses construction, and for a century after its completion, there were frequent proposals to demolish the building. Several modifications were made after completion, including removal of its front steps. Modern restoration and historic preservation were completed in 2001. The building has since housed the New York City Department of Educations headquarters on its upper floors and schools on its ground level. The Tweed Courthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark, and its facade and interior are both New York City designated landmarks.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Tweed Courthouse is in the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan, in the northern portion of City Hall Park and just north of New York City Hall. The plot is bounded by Chambers Street to the north, Centre Street to the east, and Broadway to the west. Across Chambers Street, the Tweed Courthouse faces 280 Broadway, 49 Chambers, and the Surrogate&#39;s Courthouse from west to east. The Manhattan Municipal Building and the Brooklyn Bridge ramp are across Centre Street. Several buildings face the Tweed Courthouse on Broadway, including the Broadway–Chambers Building, Tower 270, the Rogers Peet Building, and the Home Life Building.</p><br>
<p>The Tweed Courthouse is the second-oldest municipal government building in Manhattan, after New York City Hall. The Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam used the location as a grazing site for animals. In 1686 the courthouse site was acquired by the English authorities as a punishment location for prisoners and an African burial ground. Eight graves from the American colonial era still exist beneath the courthouse. The now-demolished Rotunda art gallery was directly to the east of the courthouse&#39;s site.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Tweed Courthouse includes a central section, two wings on the western and eastern ends, and an annex on its southern portion. The structure lies atop a low foundation made of granite. The Guide to New York City Landmarks characterizes the building as containing "some of the finest mid-19th century interiors in New York".</p><br>
<p>John Kellum and Thomas Little were responsible for the courthouses initial design. Kellum was hired for the Tweed Courthouse project in August 1861 and died exactly ten years later. While his obituary in Harpers Weekly praised him profusely, an anonymous writer for the American Architect and Building News said his involvement in the Tweed Courthouse negated the merits of anything else he had designed. Thomas Little, a political appointee of the New York City Board of Supervisors, was given ex officio credit by virtue of his membership on the Board of Supervisors. Leopold Eidlitz, who was hired to finish the courthouse in 1876, added the buildings south wing and domed rotunda in a similar design to the New York State Capitol. The Romanesque style and his extensive use of brick and stone contrasted with Kellums intricate cast-iron design. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) said Eidlitzs style departs from Kellums classicism with "an American version of organic architecture expressed through medieval forms".</p><br>
<h3>Main structure</h3><br>
<p>The two original wings, designed by Kellum, were arranged in an shape. Behind the granite and marble cladding is the brick superstructure. According to an LPC report in 1984, no documentation regarding the use of other quarries was found.</p><br>
<p>The main wing was designed by Kellum in the style of a Renaissance palazzo, described as the "Anglo-Italianate" style, to reveal the influence of British Victorian architecture that was the foundation of the popular American Victorian style.</p><br>
<h4>Facade</h4><br>
<p>The main entrance of the Tweed Courthouse is located on Chambers Street, on the buildings northern elevation. It is composed of a portico with four Corinthian columns, which covers a three-window-wide central bay. Large Italianate wooden doors are located on the second floor of the central bay, while the third floor contains three sash windows. The portico is approached by a reproduction of the buildings original large granite stairway which was removed to accommodate a widening of that street in the mid-20th century, but restored in 2002, when the portion of Chambers Street in front of the courthouse was narrowed.</p><br>
<p>On each side of the northern elevation, there is a flanking bay within the buildings main section, as well as a wing that projects northward slightly. Each bay and each wing contains three windows, giving the northern elevation a total of fifteen window openings per story. Each of the windows on the northern elevation contains their original pilasters, centered colonnettes, and paneled blind railings, which are set within a marble surround. Each window opening contains a cornice above it and a window sill below it. When the building was constructed in the 1870s, there were striped awnings above each window, a detail that The New York Times derided. On the northern elevation, the windows of each wing are more elaborately decorated. The window openings on the second and third floors contain double-hung sash windows with sash bars made of wood. The ground-floor windows are simpler two-by-two windows with architrave trim. An entablature in the Corinthian style surrounds the top of the Tweed Courthouses northern, western, and eastern elevations and remains mostly intact.</p><br>
<p>The western and eastern elevations contain mirror-image designs, with three bays each containing three window openings on each floor, for a total width of nine window openings per story on both elevations. The central bay on each side is topped by a simpler triangular pediment than that found on the northern side. The ground-floor wooden doors, set within the central opening on each elevation, are more simply detailed than the second-floor main entry portico. The southern elevation is similar to the northern elevation, except for its central wing, which was completed later.</p><br>
<h3>Southern wing</h3><br>
<p>Eidlitz designed the four-story southern wing of the courthouse in the Romanesque Revival style. The addition by Eidlitz extends 48 ft southward toward City Hall. Eidlitz was not concerned about using a style that was different from the original design. He had been inspired partially by medieval cathedrals, which often took several centuries to build and, thus, used several styles.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the southern wing measures three windows wide on the east–west axis and three windows deep on the north–south axis. The elevation is made of ashlar, of a similar color to the rest of the building.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior of the Tweed Courthouse contains several opulent features, the most prominent of which is a central rotunda. The ceilings in many of the rooms are 28 ft tall.</p><br>
<h4>Rotunda</h4><br>
<p>The interior of the courthouse converges around an octagonal rotunda measuring 53 ft across. Iron-balustraded balconies project into the rotunda from the second and third floors. A skylight is at the roof of the 85 ft rotunda. The original stained-glass skylight from Henry E. Sharpe Son & Co. was removed in the 1940s; a replica was installed in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The rotunda mostly contains elements from Eidlitzs designs, but a few vestiges of Kellums original style remain. Kellum used classical cast iron and plaster elements such as palmettes, triangular pediments, and geometric banding; he also included large rectangular openings in the rotunda wall on the ground and second floors. Eidlitz used medieval-style brick and stone motifs including Norman arches and leaves, and he filled in Kellums rectangular openings with brick arches topped by foliate capitals. Originally, the rotundas outer walls contained niches with busts depicting former New York County justices. Eidlitz&#39;s design originally contained polychrome panels with floral decorations, which were painted gray at some point before the late 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The four floors leading from the rotunda share a similar floor plan, The spaces to the west and east of the rotunda are symmetrical. The ground-floor plan has had several modifications, including the addition or removal of several staircases.</p><br>
<h4>Stairs and elevators</h4><br>
<p>Directly adjacent to the western and eastern sides of the rotunda, there are two cast iron staircases in open wells, connecting the first, second, and third floors. The staircases, designed as mirror images of each other, were each laid out so one wide stairway leads upward to a mezzanine which then splits into two smaller stairways to the rotunda of the floor above it. The railings of these stairs have ornately designed four-sided iron newels with lampposts atop them, as well as simpler four-sided balusters. Rectangular panels with circles at their centers are located on the underside of each flight of stairs and are a Renaissance-style design used by Kellum. The topmost flights were formerly illuminated by glass-in-cement skylights. The staircases&#39; cast-iron handrails were painted with a wood-grained finish.</p><br>
<p>The third and fourth floors are connected by four staircases, one at each corner of the main structure. Three of the stairs contain fluted iron banisters and were formerly illuminated by skylights, later covered by the asphalt roof. The ornate staircase at the southwest corner was replaced with a plain steel staircase when elevators were installed there in the early 1910s.</p><br>
<p>Between 1911 and 1913, a pair of elevators was added on the southwestern side of the building. This meant patrons could touch the walls of the elevator shaft while the cab was in motion. In 1992, the elevators were retrofitted with plate glass walls and automated operation systems. At the time, these elevators were the last manually operated elevators in a New York City government building.</p><br>
<h4>Rooms</h4><br>
<p>Rooms generally contained lime mortar, which provided soundproofing. The cast-iron beams of the superstructure were embedded in the walls so the rooms did not have any obstructions. Many rooms were accessed by wooden doors within cast-iron frames. Kellum also designed the western and eastern wings with marble tile floors. On the ground floor, several rooms have been rearranged, though the rotunda and stair halls are in their original layout. The rotunda floor is made of an iron frame set with marble and glass; cast-iron Corinthian columns support the balcony above it. The rest of the ground story contains a marble tile floor and plaster ceilings. There are multiple north–south secondary halls and a west–east main hall; the secondary halls&#39; ceilings are shorter than that of the main hall. Doors made from walnut wood lead to the rooms on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The second floor contains the main entrance to the building from the Chambers Street staircase. Within the rotunda, there is a cast-iron ceiling, balustrade, and marble-and-glass floor. The stair halls are located behind archways just outside the rotunda; they contain marble floors and plaster walls and ceilings. Like the ground floor, there is a main hall leading to the west and east, as well as north–south secondary halls closed off by doorways. The second floor contains four primary spaces, of which three are entered through double doors leading off the main corridor. There is also a mezzanine above the second floor with marble floors and plaster walls and ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The third floor is similar to the ground and second floors, except that the rotunda floor is made of marble tile. The rotunda contains red, tan, and black brick patterns at the third floor, which were painted over in 1908. The third floor serves as the top floor for the two main staircase halls from the rotunda. There are four more stairs leading to the fourth floor from the secondary halls. Another mezzanine is located above the third floor and is similar to the mezzanine above the second floor. This staircase contains a Gothic-style balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The fourth floor contains a similar T-shaped plan to the floors underneath it. Like the floors below, it contains marble floors, plaster walls and ceilings, and corner stairs leading from the third floor. Stairs extend upward to the attic. The attic contains a floor made of concrete and wood. A lattice truss and other structures supporting the roof, as well as the rotunda&#39;s skylight, are also located in the attic.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>With the city&#39;s rapid rate of growth in the 1850s, several new structures were built or planned around City Hall, including a brownstone building built to the west of the Rotunda in 1852. By early 1859, they had proposed a new budget of $1 million, saying the existing budget of $250,000 was insufficient. An amendment to the budget was declined, and the construction of the courthouse building was authorized by a resolution passed on May 3, 1859. The same year, Thomas Little submitted the first plans for what would become the courthouse building.</p><br>
<p>The first explicit reference to the new building as a courthouse was in a resolution passed by the New York County Board of Supervisors in March 1860. A law called "An Act to Enable the Supervisors of the County of New York to Acquire and Take Land for the Building of a Court House in Said County" was passed on April 10 of the same year. Late in 1861, the land was appraised at $450,000.</p><br>
<h3>Tweed construction</h3><br>
<p>From 1861 to 1871, William M. Tweed, also known by his nickname "Boss", was among the most powerful politicians in Manhattan. The son of a chair manufacturer, he was elected to the New York City Board of Aldermen in 1851 and became part of the New York County Board of Supervisors in 1857. It was in this capacity that he was able to oversee the construction of the New York County Courthouse and earn millions through embezzlement related to the construction process. The author Albert Paine wrote that the collective&#39;s "methods were curiously simple and primitive", in that city controller Richard B. Connolly "had charge of the books, and declined to show them". The chief portion of this theft came from the extremely slow pace of construction on the new courthouse. The historian Alexander Callow later called the courthouse corruption "a classic in the annals of American graft".</p><br>
<p>Construction started on the courthouse on September 16, 1861, Tweed bought a marble quarry in Sheffield, Massachusetts, to provide much of the marble for the courthouse, in the process making a large profit for himself. Tweed was able to engage in many other acts of corruption, though not necessarily related to the courthouses construction. Separate from Tweeds corruption was the slowdown of work on the courthouse due to the American Civil War. The reporter, who called the courthouse "bright and clean as a mirror", nevertheless expressed worry that the costs were rising and the schedule was being pushed back.</p><br>
<p>In the first four years of construction, the supervisors were able to harvest $3 million from the project (equivalent to $ million in ) by taking 65 percent of the commission on each of the contracts. and a set of three tables and forty chairs set the city back $179,729.60. The "Special Committee on the New Court House", created by the Board of Supervisors to address Elys concerns, found no wrongdoing in the supervisors actions. State Republican leader Roscoe Conkling alleged that more money was being spent on the New York County Courthouse&#39;s furnishings alone than on the entire United States Postal Service.</p><br>
<p>After the Tweed Charter to reorganize the citys government was passed in 1870, four commissioners were appointed by mayor A. Oakey Hall, a Tweed loyalist, to oversee the completion of the New York County Courthouse. Having been appropriated $600,000 by the state legislature, the commissioners challenged all outstanding construction bills. They also moved to replace the proposed dome with a slate roof, which would use tiles from one of Tweeds quarries. Few media outlets, except for The New York Times and Thomas Nast, the cartoonist from Harpers Weekly, pointed out Tweeds corruption. The New York Times published several articles in July 1871, bringing attention to the exorbitant expenditures for materials in the courthouse, which had previously not been disclosed to the public. One article stated, "As G. S. Miller is the luckiest carpenter in the world, so Andrew J. Garvey is clearly the prince of plasterers", a reference to the fact that Miller had been paid more than $350,000 in one month. Likewise, Garvey had been paid almost $3 million over two years. Nasts caricatures, meanwhile, were targeted toward Tweeds largely illiterate constituents. Tweed offered Nast $500,000 in an unsuccessful attempt to stop Nast from making more cartoons.</p><br>
<p>The ring was disbanded in 1871 upon the arrest of Boss Tweed. The expenditure was more than four times that for London&#39;s Palace of Westminster and more than twice the value of the Alaska Purchase. Tweed, his reputation having become disgraced, fled the city to avoid prosecution; he was ultimately captured, dying in the Ludlow Street Jail in 1878. Nonetheless, the New York County Courthouse soon was named after Tweed.</p><br>
<h3>Completion</h3><br>
<p>Eidlitz was commissioned to complete an expanded design in 1876. By this point, much of the courthouse was already occupied and in use by several courts and city governmental departments. Eidlitz was to finish the north porch facing Chambers Street; complete the main hall and rotunda; and build a replacement south porch. He was also commissioned to build a southern wing, which in Kellums original plan was to measure 50 by. Though Eidlitzs initial design for the southern wing was supposed to be similar to that of the main building, the real plans turned out to be much different. He redesigned Kellums neoclassical interiors with rich polychrome effects in Romanesque Revival style, and added ornamental and architectural detailing (such as arches and foliate detail) to integrate the new wings design with the rest of the courthouse. Eidlitzs design incorporated a polygonal skylight in the rotunda, a significant deviation from Kellums original plans for a dome.</p><br>
<p>The New York Times criticized the new wing&#39;s design, calling it "cheap and tawdry in comparison with the elaborate finishing and classic exterior of the present structure". The American Architect and Building News described how the addition was "grafted" onto the original building: "Of course no attention was paid to the design of the existing building and within and without a rank Romanesque runs cheek by jowl with the old Italian, one bald, the other florid; cream-colored brick and buff sandstone come in juxtaposition to white marble." According to one biography of Eidlitz, he could not understand the reason behind the controversy surrounding his design:</p><br>
<p>Standing in the rotunda of the courthouse one day, when his own vari-colored brick arches and columns had been inserted between the cast-iron panels of the older work, he said, "Is it possible for anybody to fail to see that this," pointing to the new work, "performs a function and that that," pointing to the old, "does not?"</p><br>
<p>The Tweed Courthouse was officially finished in 1881, more than 20 years after work began. Much of the construction was financed through the sale of public stocks issued on several occasions throughout the construction process. Stock with a combined value of $4.55 million was issued six times,</p><br>
<h3>Court use, modifications, and decline</h3><br>
<h4>19th century</h4><br>
<p>In the years following its completion, the Tweed Courthouse was associated with the crimes of William Tweed, and many critics and newspapers viewed it negatively. For instance, reformer George C. Barrett said, "You look up at its ceilings and find gaudy decorations; you wonder which is the greatest, the vulgarity or the corruptness of the place." Such was the reputation of the courthouse that in 1871, a poem entitled "The House That Tweed Built" was published, describing the courthouses corruption "in an amusing satirical tone". The following year, the guidebook Millers New York As It Is described the courthouse in an unbiased perspective: "The court-rooms are large, airy, unobstructed by columns, made with reference to the principles of acoustics, and finished in an agreeable and pleasing manner."</p><br>
<p>The corruption associated with the Tweed Courthouse was so potent that, when space for municipal functions became scarce in the late 19th century, mayoral administrations were reluctant to destroy the building, even as they also proposed demolition for the much-admired City Hall.</p><br>
<h4>Early and mid-20th century</h4><br>
<p>The perception of the Tweed Courthouse as a symbol of wasteful spending persisted until the late 20th century, In 1938, mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia studied the feasibility of destroying the Tweed Courthouse after a suggestion from New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses. Under La Guardia&#39;s plan, the New York City Court, which occupied the Tweed Courthouse at the time, would move into the recently built New York County Courthouse, but the New York Supreme Court refused to cede any space within the newer courthouse. The Tweed Courthouse was seen as outdated by the 1950s, and the city government filed plans in 1955 to demolish the courthouse as part of the restoration of City Hall Park. It was not until the 1950s, when Henry Hope Reed Jr. wrote about the building, that writers started to argue in favor of the Tweed Courthouse for its historical significance.</p><br>
<p>Several modifications were made to the Tweed Courthouse following its completion. By 1908, Montgomery Schuyler had written that Eidlitzs original rotunda colors had "been shorn of much of it pristine force, which was much promoted by the tri-colored brickwork" following the addition of gray paint. Shortly afterward, in 1911 and 1913, elevators were added to the building, and steel-and-iron elevator machinery rooms were built atop the roof. The roof itself was replaced with an iron roof in the early 20th century. In 1927, the County Court moved from the Tweed Courthouse to the recently built New York County Courthouse a few blocks north on Centre Street. Subsequently, the space was occupied by the City Court, with nine justices chambers being located inside the Tweed Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The original skylight was removed by World War II. The grand steps leading to Chambers Street on the north side were removed to accommodate a widening of that street sometime in the mid-20th century, forcing workers and visitors to enter through the ground floor. Sources disagree on whether this happened in 1940, 1942, or 1955. Architectural writer Donald Reynolds wrote that the staircase&#39;s removal "left the building looking awkward without a proper front". After the City Court moved out of the courthouse by 1961, the building was occupied by several county offices and the New York Family Court in the 1960s.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<h4>1970s and 1980s</h4><br>
<p>Mayor Abraham Beame proposed demolishing Tweed Courthouse in March 1974 in conjunction with a restoration of the nearby Manhattan Municipal Building. These plans elicited criticism from the public, and Beame created a special task force that April to investigate the feasibility of preserving the courthouse. The task forces draft report, published in June 1974, recommended destroying the courthouse; this aligned with Beames past comments that the courthouse should be "replaced with a more functional structure". The report stated that the projected $12 million cost of a brand-new structure was $5 million more than a basic renovation of the Tweed Courthouse and $1.2 million more than a full renovation. The Tweed Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in October 1974, which made the courthouse eligible for federal funds, but did not yet protect the structure from demolition. Following the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis, the city could no longer afford to demolish the courthouse, much less build a new structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the mayoral administration of Ed Koch commissioned another report, which found that the courthouse would need to be renovated at a cost of between $3 million for minimal repairs and $9 million for a complete restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Tweed Courthouse was being used as municipal offices by the 1980s. the designations prevented "alteration, reconstruction, demolition, or new construction" without the commission&#39;s approval. By 1986, after some repairs had been completed, there were 250 to 300 people working in the courthouse.</p><br>
<h4>1990s and early 2000s</h4><br>
<p>A long-term $6.3 million renovation began in 1990, with an expected completion date of 1994. At the time, the city was planning to restore the remainder of the Tweed Courthouse for $21 million. After workers discovered old skeletal remains under the courthouse, work on the elevators was temporarily halted while city officials investigated whether the bones were historically significant.</p><br>
<p>Afterward, the city began planning for the full renovation of the Tweed Courthouse. The initial cost projection was $39 million, but, following the discovery of further damage, the construction cost rose to $59 million, then to $89 million. In May 1999, John G. Waite Associates began a complete restoration of the building. The firm carefully removed as much as 18 layers of paint to reveal the original brick walls and cast iron to recreate the original paint colors. The skylights and structure of the roof over the rotunda were replaced, marble and glass tiled floors were restored, and additional detail was carved into the capitals of the exterior columns at the portico where the sheared-away entrance steps were replaced. The original ventilation shafts embedded within the Tweed Courthouse&#39;s walls were refitted with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to maintain the appearance of the interior spaces. The front steps on Chambers Street were also restored. John G. Waite Associates also rebuilt some of the damaged decorative details, such as the capitals of the columns and pilasters, in their studio. The restoration was completed in December 2001. Following the September 11 attacks, which occurred near the courthouse toward the completion of the restoration, the portion of City Hall Park around the building was closed due to security concerns. That section of the park reopened in 2007.</p><br>
<p>The New York Daily News, investigating the causes behind the high cost of the renovation, found that much of the cost was due to the opulence of the original design. For instance, the facade cost $13 million to restore, and the reproduction of the skylights, masonry, and doors cost another $3.2 million. Officials sought to restore the initial design as much as possible by requesting materials from the original manufacturers, which further increased costs. The New York Times reported that marble for the restoration came from Tweed&#39;s quarry in Massachusetts. Old stone already on the building was reused for other elements of the facade.</p><br>
<h3>New York City Department of Education use</h3><br>
<p>Mayor Rudy Giuliani had wanted to relocate the Museum of the City of New York from East Harlem to the newly renovated Tweed Courthouse, a move for which his administration was criticized. Local newspaper Newsday wrote that the museum had "enjoyed favor in Giulianis administration" and that politicians who represented East Harlem, such as councilman Phil Reed, had opposed the move. Most of the building would contain the NYCDOEs offices in an open floor plan, but the ground floor would contain classrooms occupied by various schools. Under Bloombergs plan, a cafeteria in the buildings basement would serve both NYCDOE employees and students.</p><br>
<p>NYCDOE employees had mixed views of the plan; some employees interviewed by The New York Times in March 2002 preferred to stay in their existing headquarters in Brooklyn, while others said they would rather move to the newly renovated courthouse. In June 2002, Bloomberg said he wanted school officials to move into the building by that fall, coinciding with the beginning of the next academic year. The city government spent $6.5 million on renovating the upper floors for the NYCDOEs use. By late 2002, the NYCDOE offices had been set up, but there were still discussions about whether to convert the ground floor for school use. The building continues to serve as the NYCDOEs headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor was used as an "incubator" for new schools. The first of these was City Hall Academy in 2003, which gave two-week "residencies" to third- and seventh-grade students. City Hall Academy moved out of the space in 2006. It was then used by charter school Ross Global Academy, which moved out of the space by 2009. The Spruce Street School next used Tweed Courthouse&#39;s ground floor as a temporary location until it moved to nearby 8 Spruce Street at the end of the 2010–2011 school year. The Kunskapsskolan-sponsored Innovate Manhattan Charter School occupied the space during the 2011–2012 school year. An elementary school, the Peck Slip School, moved into the space after Innovate moved out. The Peck Slip School used the ground floor for three years until it moved to a new location in 2015., the NYCDOE operates the District 2 Pre-K Center at 52 Chambers Street within the building.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designations</h2><br>
<p>The Tweed Courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 under the name "Old New York County Courthouse". and it was added to the New York State Register of Historic Places on June 23, 1980. The LPC designated the buildings exterior and interior as city landmarks in 1984. In its report about the Tweed Courthouse, the commission called the building "one of the citys grandest and most important civic monuments". The Tweed Courthouse is also within the African Burial Ground and the Commons Historic District, a city landmark district created in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Paseo YMCA is a USA historic YMCA in Kansas City, Missouri.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Paseo YMCA opened in 1914, when Julius Rosenwald encouraged Kansas Citians to raise $80,000 toward building a new YMCA. The architect of the Paseo YMCA was local architect Charles A. Smith.</p><br>
<p>In 1920 eight independent black baseball team owners met to form what would become the Negro National League.</p><br>
<p>The facility closed in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>Museum renovations</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum spearheaded an effort called "Thanks a Million Buck" to renovate the building and convert it to a research center and museum. The goal to raise a million dollars was quickly reached when John "Buck" ONeil died in October 2006. The YMCA was slated to re-open as the Buck ONeil Education Research Center in 2007. However, that plan never came to fruition.</p><br>
<p>Citing a need for expanded museum space, the organization renewed the proposal to renovate and expand the facility on May 2, 2023, as a part of the "Pitch for the Future" campaign. Organizers now hope for a 2028 opening.</p><br>
<p>The Iowa Old Capitol Building is located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It was once the main government building for the state of Iowa, and it now stands as the most prominent landmark at the center of the University of Iowa&#39;s campus. The building was depicted on the 1946 Iowa Centennial commemorative half dollar. It was individually listed in the National Register of Historic Places  in 1972, and it was named a USA National Historic Landmark in 1976. In 1978 it was included as a contributing property in the Pentacrest, a historic district listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<h2>Government building</h2><br>
<p>John F. Rague is credited with designing the Territorial Capitol Building, although it is thought that missionary priest Father Samuel Mazzuchelli helped with the design also. Rague had previously designed the 1837 capitol of Illinois and was supervising its construction when he got the commission to design the new Iowa capitol in 1839. He quit the Iowa project after five months, claiming his design was not followed, but the resemblance to the Illinois capitol suggests he strongly influenced the final Iowa design. One surviving 1839 sketch of the proposed capital shows a radically different layout, with two domes and a central tower.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the Old Capitol Building was laid in Iowa City on July 4, 1840. Iowa City served as the third and last territorial capital of Iowa, and the last four territorial legislatures met at the Old Capitol Building until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted into the United States as the 29th state of the union. Iowa City was declared the state capital of Iowa, and the government convened in the Old Capitol Building.</p><br>
<p>The Iowa constitution was crafted in the Old Capitol Building. The first governor of the state of Iowa was inaugurated there, and the first six Iowa general assemblies met in the building. 59 days after being admitted into the union, the state of Iowa passed legislation in the Old Capitol Building authorizing the formation of the state&#39;s first public university, the State University of Iowa, which is known today as The University of Iowa.</p><br>
<p>After ten years of housing the government in Iowa City, the state decided to move the seat of state government and build the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines, a city located more toward the center of the state. When the state government moved to Des Moines in 1857, the Old Capitol Building became the first permanent building owned by the University of Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Campus landmark and 1970s restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Old Capitol Building housed almost the entire university from 1857 to 1863. As the school grew, the Old Capitol remained the focal point of the university, serving as a library, chapel, and armory, and providing space for classrooms and offices.</p><br>
<p>The Old Capitol sits in the middle of the Pentacrest, five buildings in an X pattern at the center of the University of Iowa&#39;s campus. The four other buildings are Jessup Hall directly northwest of the Capitol, MacBride Hall to the northeast, MacLean Hall to the southwest, and Schaeffer Hall to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The state of Iowa authorized a major renovation of the building in the 1920s, and it continued to function as a classroom and office building until the 1970s. University presidents had their offices there until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the building needed another renovation. However, the university decided against converting the building into a modern office building. Instead, the offices were moved out, and with the leadership of educator and conservationist Margaret Keyes the university undertook a six-year interior renovation of the building, restoring most of it back to its original condition as a government building in the 1850s, and for use as a state historical museum. It was declared a National Historic Landmark on January 7, 1976. The Old Capitol Building reopened to the public on July 3, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>November 2001 fire and renovation</h2><br>
<p>The 1970s renovation restored the interior of the building to its original condition, but by the 1990s, it was apparent that the building needed exterior and structural repairs. The University of Iowa began another round of renovations to upgrade the Old Capitol Building. Part of the repairs called for asbestos to be removed from the Capitol&#39;s gold dome.</p><br>
<p>On November 20, 2001, contractors using open-flame torches and heat guns on the cupola supporting the building&#39;s gold dome accidentally set the cupola on fire. The fire was limited to the cupola of the building, thanks to a concrete slab firewall that had been installed during the 1920s renovation. The bell at the top of the Old Capitol was irreparably damaged, the dome was destroyed, and the tens of thousands of gallons of water used to douse the blaze caused major damage. The University of Iowa later settled a lawsuit with the contractors for $1.9 million.</p><br>
<p>In February 2003, a new, 12,000 pound wood dome was placed on top of the Old Capitol Building. The dome is covered with 23 carat gold leaf. A new bell was installed, and the old bell is on display inside the building.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>On May 6, 2006, the Old Capitol Building was reopened to the public. The ground floor of the building is now a museum, with exhibits about the history of the building, the university, and the state of Iowa. University meetings and speeches can again take place at the Old Capitol, and as in the past, Ph.D. students often make their doctoral defenses in the chambers of the Old Capitol Building.</p><br>
<p>The University of Iowa&#39;s official logo is a graphic representation of the Old Capitol dome.</p><br>
<p>The Paris Carnegie Public Library was opened to the public on June 24, 1904. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places and is still home to the Paris Public Library at 207 South Main Street in Paris, Illinois, located in Edgar County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment and construction</h3><br>
<p>The 1904 establishment of the Paris Carnegie Public Library came out of a small library started by the Paris Women&#39;s Club and facilitated by an $18,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie. The building was dedicated on June 24, 1904, at the Christian Church in Paris, following the dedication celebration the library was first opened to the public for inspection. The library, upon opening, was home to over 3,000 volumes.</p><br>
<p>The process of securing a Carnegie Library for Paris was described by Dr. E.O. Laughlin, a member of the city council in Paris when the library was granted to the city. "The idea of securing a Carnegie Library for Paris crystallized in the Ferris drug store, which served the purpose of a popular club in the ‘90’s and later. It was presided over by the genial Dr. Edmund Ferris, veteran of the Civil War, who talked well, listened better, and whose hospitality was such that he never thought of closing the store as long as one guest would remain," Laughlin said. This "club" gathered at the drug store where it was determined that the way to get Carnegie to support a library in Paris was through the written word. Ferris undertook the task of writing the first of several letters to the Carnegie Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The city levied a two mill tax, which was 10% of the $18,000 grant provided by Carnegie. The mayor at the time, Dr. Z.T. Baum appointed a nine-member library board which was sworn in on April 2, 1902. The appointees were to serve a term of three years. The board established a committee in charge of securing options for various possible building sites for the new library. By May 6, 1902, the present-day site, 207 S. Main Street, of the library was selected over six other possible locations at a cost of $6,500. During the month of May it was also learned that the grant would be remitted in installments of $3,000 or $4,000 upon written request of two board members.</p><br>
<p>On August 8, 1902, the architectural firm of Charles Henry & Son out of Akron, Ohio was selected to design the building. It wasn&#39;t until February 17, 1903, that the local contractor H.B. Newman was awarded the building contract with a bid of the grant amount, $18,000 and work began at the construction site.</p><br>
<h3>The library opens</h3><br>
<p>On June 4, 1904, the library board met in the newly constructed building for the first time. The library joined 81 other structures in Illinois that Carnegie grants made possible. By the 1920s over 1,700 Carnegie libraries had been established throughout the United States. The Paris Library was built before the time that Carnegie and his secretary James Bertram began to restrict the amount of leeway communities were given in designed their Carnegie libraries. By 1908 Carnegie and Bertram began exercising more control over library plans. Carnegie&#39;s plans generally included brick buildings, for low maintenance, no fireplaces, for they wasted space, basements (necessitating stairs). Though the Paris Library was built four years before these plans were outlined the building is still pretty typical of Carnegie library buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The Paris Public Library became a member of the Lincoln Trail Libraries System, an inter-library loan program, in 1966. That same year Katherine Bishop left a $90,000 bequest in memory of her sister, Lucy. The money was used to increase the librarys reference collection and nonfiction collection. The collection at the Paris Library grew through the years until it finally reached capacity. In 1972 the meeting room in the library was renovated to house the childrens collection. But eventually it was necessary to expand the Paris Public Library. The library board hired Frederick A Schlipf of Urbana Free Library as a consultant and Bhupen Panchal as architect. Panchal designed a 2,540 ft&sup2; addition at an estimated cost of $314,000. By this time, spring of 1990, the library board applied for a construction grant from the Illinois State Library.</p><br>
<p>July 12, 1990 then Secretary of State and State Librarian Jim Edgar arrived in Paris where he announced the Paris Carnegie Public Library would receive a grant in the amount of $124,000. Volunteers then took to the phones to raise contributions until $100,000 was reached. Among the notable contributors to the librarys fund drive were the Monday Club, a club which had met in the library for over 70 years and the Paris Womens Club, the original holders of the Paris Library which was disbanding at the time of the addition to the library. The construction contract was awarded to R.J. King Company, Inc. and ground was broken on the new addition on July 25, 1991.</p><br>
<p>Construction began on September 11, 1991, and by June 1992 the new handicapped accessible entrance was opened to the public. The entire construction project was completed at a cost of $322,895 with an additional $9,045 spent on new shelving. Throughout the construction period the library remained open to the public with a circulation, 67,616, just 1,000 items short of a typical years circulation. The new addition included, as well as the shelving for the librarys 33,000+ volumes, an elevator, two new public restrooms, the handicapped accessible entrance, and a large meeting room named for Gibson. In 2002 the library adapted the northwest room to house two walls of books and six computers, of which four have Internet access. In 2004 the southeast reading room was rearranged to house the collection of large print books.</p><br>
<h2>Library people</h2><br>
<h3>Librarians</h3><br>
<p>The Paris Womens Club operated its library until the new library building opened and donated their book collection, housed in the Bibo Building on West Court Street, to the library. Jane Bishop became the first librarian at the Womens Club Library; she received a salary of $2.00 per week. When Bishop resigned Emma Boyd became the librarys first librarian in its new building. Following Boyd a number of others served as librarian, Ruth Link, Cressie Strimple, Minnie Denton, and Leota Price all held the post. In 1929 Nina Dulin Russell took over librarian from Price, she held the post until 1961. Her tenure was the longest of any librarian in Paris Librarys history. Russell was trained as a librarian at the University of Illinois and served as first assistant librarian from 1924 to 1929 before becoming head librarian. After Russell&#39;s tenure the post was held by Alice Feutz from 1962 to 1969, Susanne J. Spicer from 1969 to 1982, Judy Caveney from 1982 to 1988. As of 2006 Teresa Pennington has held the post since 1988.</p><br>
<h3>Library Board</h3><br>
<p>Mary Ida Riedell has had the Paris Library Boards longest tenure. Riedell served on the board from 1948 until 2002. She held each office on the board more than once. The boards first president was J.E. Parrish in 1902. From 1915 to June 1918 there was no appointed library board. During this time period the Paris City Council made appointments of librarians. The mayor swore in a new and complete nine member library board on June 14, 1918. Additionally Robert Gibson served on the library board from 1983 until his death in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Other Paris libraries</h2><br>
<p>The Paris Carnegie Public Library and the Women&#39;s Club library were not the first libraries in Paris. The first one was likely the Paris Library Association which started in December 1857. The subscriber supported library charge members $25 in installments of $5, by December 1857 the Association had collected nearly $400. The chairman of the Library Association was Thomas Marks and Henry W. Davis served as secretary. By October 1858 the library held six to seven hundred volumes at a value of $925. the books were stored in various locations and loaned out during normal business hours. After the Civil War the association was disbanded and the book collection divided up amongst the stockholders.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s and 1880s a library holding over 1,000 volumes was run by the YMCA. The books were housed in a reading room used by young men and boys. The YMCA library lasted until the end of the 1880s. Until the Women&#39;s Club established its 1,000 volume library in 1899 Paris had no library.</p><br>
<p>Paxton Carnegie Public Library is in the Ford County, Illinois city of Paxton. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places. The building is still used by the Paxton Carnegie Library and is open as a public library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This Carnegie Library was established in 1903 with the help of a grant from steel magnate Andrew Carnegie. The building was designed by architect Paul O. Moratz of Bloomington, Illinois, and its unique architectural features have been preserved throughout its over 100-year history. Construction on the Paxton Library began when the $10,000 Carnegie grant came through; the cornerstone was laid by Harry and George Turner in October 1903. The interior has been restored to its original 1903 appearance, the original furnishings are still in use as is the original oak circulation desk. In 2003 the cornerstone of the library was removed during the 100th-anniversary celebration by Harry Turner&#39;s grandson, Alan Turner of Paxton.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Paxton Carnegie Library is governed by a nine-member board of trustees which meets the first Wednesday of each month. Today, the library houses over 26,000 volumes, subscriptions to 73 periodicals for adults and 10 for children and 4 newspapers, 1,000 videos, 300 audio books, microfilm, vertical files, city and county history information, large print books and computers and fax machines for public use. Books are circulated for two weeks at a time, magazines and DVDs for one week. There are overdue fines assessed. All residents of the city of Paxton may have a free library card while non-residents are required to pay an annual fee. The library is an active member of the Illinois Heartland Library System.</p><br>
<p>The McLean County Courthouse and Square is located in downtown Bloomington, Illinois. The site is on the National Register of Historic Places and encompasses the old McLean County Courthouse and the courthouse-facing sides of three downtown blocks. All 4 floors of the building are now occupied by the McLean County Museum of History for exhibits, collections storage, and offices. The historic buildings at the other side of the square were destroyed by fire in the 1980s. The Square is bordered by four Bloomington streets: Main Street, Center Street, Jefferson Street and Washington Street. The site was home to three previous courthouses before the current one was completed in 1903. The first courthouse at the site was built in 1831, and the second in 1836. The third was built in 1868, but suffered major damage from fire on June 19, 1900.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The McLean County Courthouse housed the McLean County Circuit Court from 1903 to 1976. The original construction was completed in 1868 at a cost of $461,640. The rebuild of many buildings in the downtown was executed through the designs of several local architects, George Miller, Paul Moratz and A.L. Pillsbury.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, the McLean County Historical Society moved to put its museum in the Old Courthouse. Today the museum operates out of the courthouse building as it has since 1991. Until 1991, general county offices were still housed in the courthouse though the courts had moved to new facilities a few blocks away. In 2002 McLean County approved $1.2 million for renovation following a historic structures report. Other funding came through a Public Museum Capital Grant from the Illinois State Museum, a division of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources. The project included restoration of the 100-year-old courthouse dome. Original copper was salvaged and reused and the clock restored to working order. On December 24, 2004, the tower bell was rung for the first time in nearly fifty years. The dome was restored from its oxidized copper green to the original copper color.</p><br>
<p>On October 15, 2006, the Landmark Preservations Council of Illinois presented the "Outstanding Restoration" award to the McLean County Museum of History for its efforts to restore the dome of the old courthouse.</p><br>
<h3>Square</h3><br>
<p>The historic sides of the square are on the west, south and north sides of the courthouse, respectively. The east side of the public square was destroyed in a 1985 fire and today a contemporary office building occupies the area. The remaining historic sides are littered with historic commercial buildings which originate from the 1850s to the 1920s. The Corn Belt Bank Building at 101 W. Jefferson St. was completed in 1903, and was designed by George Miller who also designed the nearby Livingston Building, 102–104 W. Washington St.</p><br>
<h3>Buildings on the Courthouse Square</h3><br>
<p>Benjamin & Shermerhorn Building: 210 N. Center St., completed 1857.</p><br>
<p>Corn Belt Bank Building: 101 W Jefferson St., completed 1903.</p><br>
<p>Dewenters Building (Crothers & Crew Building): 118 W. Washington St., completed c. 1856.</p><br>
<p>Ensenberger Building: 212 N. Center St., completed 1926.</p><br>
<p>Livingston Building: 102–104 W. Washington St., completed 1903.</p><br>
<p>People&#39;s Bank Building:</p><br>
<p>Phoenix Block (Kersey H. Fell Building): 106–108 W Washington St., buildings completed c. 1856.</p><br>
<h4>Benjamin & Shermerhorn Building</h4><br>
<p>The Benjamin & Shermerhorn building was built in 1857 by contractor S.G. Rounds. The building was originally built as a dry goods store which was operated by Edward Benjamin and John Shermerhorn. Their store occupied the first floor of the three-story building. The store was the beneficiary of excellent basement storage conditions resulting from a well that was struck during construction which provided a natural cooling system for the perishables the store carried. The building has had other notable tenants during its history as well. The Bloomington newspaper, The Pantagraph, was housed on the buildings third floor until 1868. The paper, during this period in its history, was known as a radical "black republican" paper because of its stance on slavery and support for Abraham Lincoln. A local loan broker, Henry Capen & Sons, occupied the second floor from 1886 until 1926. The buildings longest tenant, however, was W.B. Read and Co., a stationery and book company that started on the first floor and 1895 and later moved to occupy the entire building until the owner, William Read&#39;s, death in 1951. In 1952 Osco Drugs took over the building and the pharmacy later expanded into the connected Marblestone Building next door.</p><br>
<h4>Dewenters Building</h4><br>
<p>This building, on West Washington Street, is one of three buildings built by Dr. Eli Crothers around the year 1856. During their early years the buildings, including the Dewenters building served as offices for prominent Bloomington doctors and lawyers, including William Ormes and Leonard Swett, who pioneered the insanity defense for accused criminals. The building got its name, Dewenters, from the time when it housed the Dewenter and Co. men&#39;s clothing store for more than a century of its existence. Dewenter and Co. was founded by Herman Dewenter and William Krietzer in 1847 and moved to the Dewenter Building in 1870 where it stayed until 1988. The Dewenter family owned the store until 1946 but it retained its name even after its sale to new owners.</p><br>
<h4>Ensenberger Building</h4><br>
<p>The seven-floor Ensenberger Building, at 212 N. Center St., was completed in 1926 at a cost of $250,000. The building was the home of Bloomington icon Ensenberger Furniture from its opening until the time it closed in 1995. The furniture store was started in 1879 by Gustave A. Ensenberger and operated by his descendants until its closure. An estimated 40,000 visitors toured the building during the week following its grand opening with people coming from as far away as New York and California.</p><br>
<h4>Livingston Building</h4><br>
<p>The 1903 six-story Livingston Building is considered the first "skyscraper" to be built in Bloomington because of its status as the first steel frame construction building in Illinois outside of Chicago. The building was built at a cost of $36,000. The building was home to the Livingston and Sons department store for the first eleven years of its history until the store was relocated just down the block. Between 1927 and 1969 a Walgreens Drug Store and a number of legal and insurance businesses occupied the building. The Livingston was well known for its roof garden during the early 1900s which was the site of many dances and musical performances.</p><br>
<h4>Phoenix Block</h4><br>
<p>The Phoenix Block is a collection of buildings at 106–108 West Washington St. Today, only two of the original four buildings that made up the Phoenix Block remain. The Phoenix Block was so dubbed by the Daily Pantagraph as a remark on how quickly the buildings rose from the ashes after a fire in 1855. Originally, the buildings upper floor served as offices for lawyers who tried cases in the original wood-frame courthouse. The Kersey H. Fell Building of 1856 is one of downtown Bloomingtons oldest structures. The Fell Building housed the office of local attorney Kersey Fell. His second floor office is the place where it is claimed that Jesse Fell first suggested to Abraham Lincoln he should run for president. Aside from the law offices the third floor once housed the Illinois Natural History Museum, in 1857, which was one of the first museums in Illinois. The storefronts have been home to numerous merchants over the years. From 1905 to 1922 Homuth Jewelry had a location along the block and Sorg&#39;s Jewelers had a location on the Phoenix Block from 1946 until 1988. In addition five other jewelers have had businesses along this block at some point in its past.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The Old McLean County Courthouse is an example of high style architecture and is well preserved. The architecture conveys strong messages of stability, antiquity and importance. The courthouse is built in the American Renaissance style. The exterior is clad in limestone and of solid masonry construction. The plan is rectangular and symmetrical and is executed in the Corinthian order. From the roof rise a limestone drum and a copper dome which are said to be modeled after St. Peters Basilica in Rome. The east and west faces of the building are home to the principal elevations. They feature three story porticos, a Corinthian pediment, balustrade caps and the cornice. The buildings windows are decorated with Doric surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The architects wanted the building to give Bloomington residents the feeling that the courthouse belonged to them. To encourage this feeling the entrances on all four sides of the building are identical, a way to welcome people from all directions. Wanting to balance the feeling of symmetry with a sense of power Reeves and Baile created an identical hierarchy in each facade through the use of an entrance arch, enhanced vertically by columns and topped off with a pediment. The exterior also makes use of many balustrades in the roof and other levels on the exterior. Also included are detailed egg-and-dart molding, and hood molding.</p><br>
<p>The Old Courthouse interior is composed of quadrants which are set apart by broad hallways which meet at the buildings center. There they form a large, open three story rotunda. The rotunda is the dominating feature of the interior. It rises over 100 feet into the air and at the top features an allegorical painting representing peace and prosperity. The halls have mosaic floors and wall treatment composed of white marble dado which is capped with antique verde serpentine stone. Marbleized plaster, scagliola, panels complete the walls. The buildings ceilings are decorated with plaster cornices and molded leaf and rosette complements. The Honduras mahogany doors have a rail and panel design and beveled glass is used for decorative side lights and panels.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse&#39;s upper stories are reached by a broad white marble stairway. It features bronze fish-scale screens which are decorated with laurel wreaths, the same type of screen closes the rails around the rotunda opening. Inside the rooms are sand cast plaster cornices and a variety of floor finishes which include mosaic, marble and maple. The original stenciling in the rooms has been lost to the past. The three original courtrooms are decorated with frescoes, marble dadoes and scagliola. The original fresco remains in the Stevenson-Ives library. Other notable architectural features include many beveled and leaded glass panels, scagliola door surrounds, solid bronze wall partitions, a number of original bronze, combination gas and electrical light fixtures and marble counters.</p><br>
<h3>Square</h3><br>
<h4>Benjamin & Shermerhorn Building</h4><br>
<p>The Bejamin & Shermerhorn Building was designed by Rudolph Richter and completed in 1857. It is designed in the Italianate Style a has a pressed brick facade, arched windows and a dentil crown.</p><br>
<h4>Dewenters Building</h4><br>
<p>This building is cast in the Greek Revival building style and utilizes flat stone lentils and sills on the windows. The building is topped by dentils near its roof line. Also known as Crothers & Crew Building. In the early 1990s the building was restored by architect Russel Francois for use as an architectural office (now Scharnett Associates Architects). During this renovation the third floor was converted into a contemporary apartment and studio.</p><br>
<h4>Ensenberger Building</h4><br>
<p>The Ensenberger Building was designed by local architect Arthur Pillsbury in an eclectic interpretation of the Art Deco Style. It was to be the last building designed by Pillsbury and one he would never see open as he was killed in an automobile accident in October 1925. The building included a six-room, fully furnished Spanish-style bungalow on the seventh floor when it opened in 1926. The bungalow had white stucco walls and arched windows and doorways. The original design of the building include gothic spires on the roof which gave the building a much less Art Deco appearance than it has today. The spires were removed in 1941 to give the building a more modern feeling. At one time there were plans to replace the terra cotta panels on the east facade with stainless steel panels. The WWII steel shortage stopped those plans and the terra cotta panels remain one of the building&#39;s most prominent features.</p><br>
<h4>Livingston Building</h4><br>
<p>This steel structured "skyscraper" was designed by Bloomington architect George Miller and is an example of Chicago Style architecture. The design incorporates many elements which would later be connected to what is now called the Sullivanesque Style, after Louis Sullivan. Sullivan concentrated on many of design elements seen in the Livingston Building. On its north and east side the building is decorated with pressed metal oriels. The lower base of the building makes use of columns and is top is ornamented by a detailed cornice. The Livingston Building&#39;s oriels are arranged in a curtain wall where they are located on the building. Above the first story the windows are flanked by pressed metal spandrels and the third through sixth floors are clad in red brick. One of the oriels faces Washington Street and two face Main Street. The windows are supported by terra cotta brackets and the upper spandrels are ornamented with terra cotta paneling.</p><br>
<h4>Phoenix Block</h4><br>
<p>The two remaining original buildings on the Phoenix Block, one of which is the Kersey H. Fell building, are done in the Greek Revival style of architecture. They share a common wall and use simple stone lentils and sills in the windows. The storefronts are accented by columns. The common wall helped to increase the speed which the Phoenix Block was constructed at. So eager were merchants to occupy the storefronts that several stores opened for business while workers were still constructing the second and third floors of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob Purdy House was used as General George Washingtons headquarters in 1778 and possibly in 1776 during the Battle of White Plains in the American Revolutionary War. Originally constructed by Samuel Horton, it was purchased by Jacob Purdys father, Samuel Purdy in 1730. It came into the possession of Jacob Purdy about 1785, in the aftermath of the war when some of the family had fled as United Empire Loyalists.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s it was repaired and restored, and in 1973 the structure was moved to its present location. A further renovation was conducted around 1980, involving both professional craftsmen and local teenagers in an apprentice program. The Jacob Purdy House is now the headquarters of the White Plains Historical Society. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Lane University was a college located in Lecompton, Kansas, United States. It was founded in 1865 by Rev. Solomon Weaver, the first president, and was named after USA Senator James H. Lane. Jim Lane was a main free-state leader, and Lecompton was previously the capital of the opposing pro-slavery faction. Local tradition notes that a funding drive to construct the university promised to name it after the major contributor. Allegedly, James H. Lane made the largest pledge, received the namesake honor, and then died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound before he could carry out his promise.</p><br>
<p>In 1865</p><br>
<p>The university was first located in what had been the Rowena Hotel. In 1865 the state donated to the university 13 acres of land that included the foundation of what had been intended to be the Kansas Territorial Capitol building at Lecompton. A college building was erected on the south half of the old foundation in 1882.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the United Brethren in Christ owned and controlled the school during its entire history. Almost all of the presidents were pastors. In 1900 it had 11 faculty members and 178 enrolled students. In 1902 Lane University was united with Campbell University to form Campbell College (Kansas). It closed in 1933.</p><br>
<p>David Eisenhower and Ida Stover, the parents of former president Dwight D. Eisenhower, met at Lane University as students and married in the chapel in 1885.</p><br>
<p>Today Lane University is a museum known as the Territorial Capital Museum, dedicated to Kansas history before the Civil War. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Lane University is not to be confused with Lane College in Jackson, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>Bowmans Castle, also known as Nemacolin Castle, was built in present-day Brownsville, Pennsylvania, at the western terminus of the Nemacolins Trail on the east bank of the Monongahela River. It was built around the original trading post, which was built near the site of Fort Burd, the latter built by British colonists during the French and Indian War. Construction on the castle, including addition of a crenellated tower, continued through the Victorian era, when it was considered an engineering marvel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The trading post was built shortly after the American Revolutionary War, in the late 1780s. Founder of Brownsville (Thomas Brown) sold the land to a man named William Lynn in 1786. William eventually sold it to Jacob Bowman in July 1795 after his fathers death the previous year, as stated in the Property Deed (). Jacob Bowman began constructing the castle during the late 1790s in the community once known as Redstone. The trading post was located at the Redstone Creek river crossing. The community built flatboats for travelers and traders on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. It was the long-time terminus of the western part of Nemacolins Trail.</p><br>
<p>Likely more than 1,200 years before construction of the fort, trading post or castle, prehistoric indigenous peoples had also found this site a strategic one. They built the earthwork mounds which the colonists called Redstone Old Fort. Fort Burd was built on top of its sandstone base.</p><br>
<p>The Castle is one of several large buildings of the 1850s (In this case, the site holds part of Fort Burd; the well dug by the Fort Burd soldiers) still standing in western Pennsylvania. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its alternate name, Nemacolins Castle, was derived from Nemacolins Trail, named after the Lenape chief who helped improve and mark the ancient Native American trail through the Alleghenies. It connected the valleys of the Potomac River and the Ohio River drainage basin on the Monongahela River.</p><br>
<p>Three generations of the Bowman family were the only ones to live in the house/castle. Jacob Bowman and his wife started building the first part of the structure sometime around 1789 (before gaining full ownership of the land in 1795), with a trading post on the ground floor and one room above. Finding they needed more room, they added a broad hallway. They had nine children. At Jacob&#39;s death in 1847, he left the house to his son Nelson. Nelson added the east wing of the house and the brick tower.</p><br>
<p>Nelson Bowman and his wife, Elizabeth, also updated the nursery from a colonial to a Victorian style. Although Nelson married late in life, he and Elizabeth had six children. Only two survived to adulthood. When Nelson died in 1892, he left the house to their son Charles Bowman, who lived there with his wife Leila until his death. By her will, after the widow Leila Bowman died; years later The National Historical Society purchased the house and began to open it up to the public as a museum. It is now maintained and operated as a house museum by the Brownsville Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is located in the Brownsville Northside Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Interior and exterior scenes for Pie Head: A Kinda True Story, directed by and starring newcomer Hollis McLachlan, were shot at the castle in May 2010.</p><br>
<p>Ashland Middle School is a middle school in Ashland, Wisconsin&#39;s Ashland School District. It is also the name of a former school building that was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places from 1980 until it was delisted in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The former school building was built in 1904 and was noted for its architecture, which contained Late Victorian, nineteenth-century revival and twentieth-century revival styles. The building was designed by Henry Wildhagen, who also designed three other schools in Ashland, all surviving, which also are NRHP-listed: Beaser School (1899), Ellis School (1900), and Wilmarth School (1895).</p><br>
<p>The current school building also hosts the Oredocker Project School, a charter school with a focus on students learning through completing comprehensive projects.</p><br>
<p>Beaser School is a former school in Ashland, Wisconsin, United States. Built in 1895, it is a brick and brownstone building designed by architect Henry Wildhagen. It has a brownstone arch over a recessed entryway. It was expanded in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, along with three other schools in Ashland also designed by Wildhagen: Ashland Middle School (1904), Ellis School (1900), and Wilmarth School (1895).</p><br>
<p>In 1991, Beaser School became the headquarters of Cooperative Educational Service Agency #12.</p><br>
<p>The Century Tower Condominiums, formerly known as the Trustees System Service Building, is a historic building located at 182 West Lake Street in the Loop in Chicago, Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed in 1929 and completed in 1930; at the time of its completion, it was the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world. Its original tenant and namesake was the Trustees System Service, a bank that specialized in consumer loans. Architects Thielbar and Fugard designed the building in the Art Deco style. The buildings design consists of a twenty-story main building topped by an eight-story tower and a ziggurat. The building has had a long list of various countries consulates as tenants.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 3, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The property was converted from a commercial building to apartments in 2003. In August, 2004 the building was used to film scenes from the movie Batman Begins. In September 2005 the building became a condominium and its name changed to Century Tower.</p><br>
<h2>Former tenants</h2><br>
<p>The building was once home to:</p><br>
<p>WIND (AM) radio.</p><br>
<p>WJJD (AM) radio.</p><br>
<p>the Belgian consulate.</p><br>
<p>the Chinese consulate.</p><br>
<p>the Cuban consulate.</p><br>
<p>the Dominican consulate.</p><br>
<p>the Grecian consulate.</p><br>
<p>the Honduran consulate.</p><br>
<p>the Hungarian consulate.</p><br>
<p>the Italian consulate.</p><br>
<p>the Mexican consulate.</p><br>
<p>the Philippine consulate.</p><br>
<p>The red marble used in the lobby is from an ancient Roman quarry in the city of Oran, Algeria.</p><br>
<p>The building is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Former names</h2><br>
<p>This building has formerly been named:</p><br>
<p>Skyline Century of Progress</p><br>
<p>The Lake and Wells Building</p><br>
<p>The 201 Tower</p><br>
<p>Corn Products Building</p><br>
<p>Trustees System Service Building</p><br>
<p>The Old Stone Church is a historic Presbyterian church located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, and is the oldest building on Public Square. It is also the second church built within the city limits.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In June 1819, the Union Sunday School began meeting on the site of the current church, and on September 19, 1820, fifteen Clevelanders, some ten percent of the then-villages population, signed a charter officially establishing the congregation. It was formally incorporated in 1827 as The First Presbyterian Society, and in 1834 the first church was built out of gray sandstone. The interior featured a gallery suspended by iron rods, reportedly a first in a Cleveland public building, as well as the citys first pipe organ. Because of its building materials, First Presbyterian was called "the Stone Church," and as other stone churches were erected in the area, it became known as the "Old Stone Church."</p><br>
<p>By 1853, the congregation had outgrown the original building, so the church was razed, and a larger replacement was built on the same spot. The Romanesque Revival church, dedicated on August 12, 1855, was also made of local sandstone, and was designed by architects Charles Heard and Simeon Porter.</p><br>
<h3>A series of fires</h3><br>
<p>Nineteen months later, on March 7, 1857, fire struck the church. Water from the hand-pumped fire engines was unable to reach the 250-foot steeple, which came crashing down onto Ontario Street.</p><br>
<p>Despite this, the building remained mostly intact, and reconstruction began almost immediately. The church was rededicated on January 17, 1858.</p><br>
<p>The second fire occurred on January 5, 1884, spreading to the church from the adjoining Wick Building&#39;s Park Theater. Despite the sturdy construction of the building, the interior was gutted. Afterward, the congregation considered a move to E. 55th Street and Euclid Avenue, but it was eventually decided to keep the original location, after pressure from influential members including John Hay.</p><br>
<p>Architect Charles Schweinfurth was hired to head the reconstruction of the church, which was dedicated on October 19, 1884. Subsequent additions to the church include three Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows, a John La Farge triple window overlooking Public Square, and a Holtkamp Organ Company organ.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The Old Stone Church has stood virtually unchanged to this day, and is the last remaining church designed by the Heard and Porter architectural firm. The only major modification was the 1999 addition of a steeple that replicated the original, part of a $2.4 million renovation project, which also included cleaning the Berea sandstone (which had turned black from air pollution) and conservation of the La Farge window. The Old Stone Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Clergy (1820–1920)</h2><br>
<p>Samuel C. Aiken (page 115 crop).jpgSamuel Clark Aiken, 1835-1861</p><br>
<p>William H. Goodrich (page 161 crop).jpgWilliam Henry Goodrich, 1858-1874</p><br>
<p>Hiram C. Haydn (page 269 crop).jpgHiram Collins Haydn, 1872-1880; 1884-1902</p><br>
<p>Arthur Mitchell 1835-1893 (page 239 crop).jpgArthur Mitchell, 1880-1884</p><br>
<p>Andrew Barclay Meldrum (page 383 crop).jpgAndrew Barclay Meldrum</p><br>
<p>The John F. Cates House  is a historic structure that was built ca. 1859. The house, which stands on the north side of Mississippi, is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and is a registered Mississippi Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house, which has been in the same family for six generations (its entire history to date), is a vernacular example of the type of Greek Revival architecture built by small farmers in the area during the antebellum years. It is the sole surviving antebellum structure in Brownsville and was damaged during a Civil War skirmish, when a chimney cap was blown off by an artillery round.</p><br>
<p>The house was restored in 1989-1992 by the late Marcus Charles Hammack, a descendant of the original builder.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The John F. Cates House is a story-and-one-half, five-bay, side-gabled residence with a gabled portico on the front and a full-width gallery across the back. The basic plan is a center hall with two large rooms on either side; there is also a modern apartment in the half-story, accessible by a stair mounting from the back gallery.</p><br>
<p>Notable features include board-and-batten siding; eight-foot, paneled, single-leaf doors, tongue-in-groove, random width heart pine floors; and a mixture of original pilastered and shouldered-architrave mantels.</p><br>
<p>Holly Grove Plantation House was built c. 1830 by Noel and Jane Killingsworth near Red Lick, Mississippi, and dismantled and reconstructed 70 mi to the north in Hinds County, Mississippi, in 1990. The Killingsworths lived there with their children and grandchildren, including Sarah Ellen Grafton. They sent her and their other daughters to Nazareth Academy in Bardstown, Kentucky.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house, a mixture of federal and Greek Revival architecture, was originally constructed from a kit manufactured in Cincinnati, the components of which were shipped down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to Rodney, Mississippi, and transported to Red Lick by wagons along with a crew supplied by the manufacturer, believed to be Hinkle, Guild & Co. The frame of the house, of post-and-beam, mortise-and-tenon construction, includes numerous interchangeable components (indicating manufactured millwork), with Roman numeral markings. The original foundation sills were hewn on site, with manufactured framework of poplar, spruce and fir, exterior siding and trim of cypress, walls and ceilings of tongue-in-groove spruce and fir and floors of heart pine.</p><br>
<h2>Layout</h2><br>
<p>The basic plan consists of a full-width undercut front gallery and center hall with two rooms on either side; a stair mounts from the hall to a second-story hall with a room on either side. A dining wing (no longer extant) was added to the rear of the house, along with a full-width breezeway and side galleries on either side (along with a secondary stair) c. 1850.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>The house remained in the Killingsworth family until 1990; it was listed in 1996 on the National Register of Historic Places after being reconstructed and restored at its new site along the Old Bridgeport Road by its present owner, Alan Huffman.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Notable features include a fanlight and sidelights framing double paneled front doors, original false graining on all original doors, original marbleizing on surviving mantels, and handwriting (including notes, poems and other records) on walls throughout the house, with the earliest dating to 1870. The nearby Old Bridgeport Road is a registered Mississippi Landmark. The current site has had a variety of uses, first as a Native American camp, later as Hall&#39;s Plantation, which was occupied by Union troops on numerous occasions during the Civil War, and finally as the center of an African American tenant farming community.</p><br>
<p>College Hill Presbyterian Church, located just outside Oxford, Mississippi, USA, at College Hill, is an historic church and a member of the Presbyterian Church in America . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was organized as a local church on January 11, 1835, in the home of Alexander Shaw, one of the early Scot-Irish settlers in North Mississippi. Originally it was named Neriah Church, but shortly thereafter it was redesignated Ebenezer Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1836, members migrated to this area and, on January 11, 1841, the church was renamed College Presbyterian Church in recognition of the founding of the North Mississippi College. In 1842, the congregation paid $400 for 23 acre of land on which to construct a public place of worship. The sanctuary, built in 1844 under the direction of Francis Timmons, was the oldest Presbyterian structure in North Mississippi and the oldest church building of any denomination in the Oxford area. Constructed of bricks fired on the site, the building was completed in 1846 at a total cost of $2,809,75. The pulpit, the pews and the pew gates were the original furnishings.</p><br>
<p>Events of interest include the encampment of these grounds by Union troops of General Grant and General Sherman, and the marriage of the author William Faulkner. The church is thought to be the model for some settings in Faulkners novels. The church cemetery contains a number of unmarked Union soldiers burial sites. The Session&#39;s original minutes, dating back to the 1835 organizational meeting, are safeguarded in a local bank.</p><br>
<p>In tye 1960s, the ministry of the church began an outreach to the students of the nearby University of Mississippi under pastor Jack C. Oates (1967–72) while he was a graduate student and teaching assistant at the university as well as teaching in the university&#39;s continuing education program. He was also a part-time pastor at two other churches, Hopewell Presbyterian and Abbeville Presbyterian, comprising a three church field in St. Andrew Presbytery of the former Southern Presbyterian Church (PCUS).</p><br>
<p>The ministry continued to grow while Tom Tyndall was the pastor to the three church field and then just to College Hill Church from 1973 to 1978. In summer, 1977 the PCUS cited the church&#39;s outreach to students as one of two outstanding small church ministries in the denomination. Under both Oates and Tyndall, the church held "Christian Life Conferences" with well-known Christian scholars speaking both to the church and to various classes held on the campus of the university.</p><br>
<p>On August 13, 2022, the original church building was destroyed by a fire. The church continues to meet in another building across the quad from the remains of the previous one.</p><br>
<p>The North Burial Ground is a 110 acre cemetery in Providence, Rhode Island dating to 1700, the first public cemetery in Providence. It is located north of downtown Providence, bounded by North Main Street, Branch Avenue, the Moshassuck River, and Cemetery Street. Its main entrance is at the junction of Branch and North Main. The burial ground is one of the larger municipal cemeteries in Southern New England, and it accepts 220 to 225 burials per year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From the time of its founding by Roger Williams in 1636, Rhode Island had strict separation of religious and government institutions. Therefore, Providence had no state churches with adjacent public burial grounds, as most New England towns had. Instead, townspeople buried their dead in family plots on individual farms.</p><br>
<p>In 1700, a town vote was held to establish a municipal cemetery. This cemetery was to be open to the deceased of all faiths, from millionaires to paupers, and even emancipated slaves. 45 acres were set aside; 10 acres were to be used for a cemetery, the remainder for a town common and militia training ground. However, the first official burial didn&#39;t take place until one Samuel Whipple was buried here in 1710/11. There were only about one or two burials per year until 1736, when 14 people were buried.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1800s, under the influence of the Rural Cemetery Movement, cemeteries generally became viewed as a place for the general public to enjoy refined outdoor recreation. In Providence, the North Burial Ground was further landscaped. More land was added, along with curving roads and trees, to make the grounds more attractive to the living.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>See also:</p><br>
<p>North Burial Ground has the burials of many notable Rhode Island residents, including governors, members of Congress, soldiers, millionaires, emancipated slaves, and literary figures:</p><br>
<p>Daniel Abbott, deputy governor of Rhode Island colony</p><br>
<p>Philip Allen, Governor of Rhode Island and USA Senator</p><br>
<p>Zachariah Allen, prominent Providence mill owner and civic leader</p><br>
<p>William B. Avery, Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>Edward Mitchell Bannister, Canadian African-American painter</p><br>
<p>Chad Brown, early pastor of the First Baptist Church in America, progenitor of Brown family</p><br>
<p>John Brown, merchant, USA Representative, slave trader, co-founder of Brown University</p><br>
<p>John Nicholas Brown II, socialite and philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Brown, Jr., philanthropist and namesake of Brown University</p><br>
<p>Kady Brownell, Civil War veteran</p><br>
<p>Tristam Burgess, USA representative</p><br>
<p>Esek Hopkins, The only chief of the Continental Navy during the Revolutionary War</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Chace, USA senator</p><br>
<p>John Hopkins Clark, USA senator</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Cooke, governor of colony and state of Rhode Island during American Revolutionary War</p><br>
<p>Fred Corey, Major League Baseball player</p><br>
<p>Charles Dow, journalist, co-founder of Dow Jones & Company and founder of The Wall Street Journal</p><br>
<p>Samuel Eddy, USA representative and Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Fenner, Governor of Rhode Island from 1790 to 1805.</p><br>
<p>James Fenner, USA senator from 1805 to 1807, Rhode Island governor from 1807 to 1811, 1824 to 1831 and 1843 to 1845</p><br>
<p>Sam Walter Foss, librarian, poet</p><br>
<p>John Brown Francis, governor and USA senator</p><br>
<p>William Goddard (USA patriot/publisher), American Revolutionary War printer</p><br>
<p>Stephen Hopkins, colonial governor, founding father, signatory of the Declaration of Independence</p><br>
<p>Jeremiah Brown Howell, USA senator</p><br>
<p>Richard Jackson, USA representative</p><br>
<p>Horace Mann, educator, USA representative, and first president of Antioch College</p><br>
<p>James Manning, delegate to the Confederation Congress</p><br>
<p>Albert Martin (soldier) (memorial), soldier, only Rhode Islander to have fought at the Battle of the Alamo.</p><br>
<p>Charles J. Martin, artist and arts instructor</p><br>
<p>James B. Mason, USA representative</p><br>
<p>Peter Mawney, colonel of Providence militia</p><br>
<p>Augustus S. Miller (1847–1905), Mayor of Providence 1903–1905.</p><br>
<p>Angela OLeary, American artist and ghost of Providences Fleur-De-Lys Studios</p><br>
<p>Annie Smith Peck, pioneering woman mountaineer</p><br>
<p>Saunders Pitman, silversmith.</p><br>
<p>Darius Sessions, deputy governor of Rhode Island colony</p><br>
<p>James F. Simmons, USA senator</p><br>
<p>Henry J. Steere, philanthropist and manufacturer</p><br>
<p>Joseph L. Tillinghast, USA representative</p><br>
<p>Sarah Helen Whitman, poet, essayist, and a romantic interest of Edgar Allan Poe</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Bagdad Theatre is a movie theater in the Hawthorne District of Portland, Oregon, United States. It originally opened in 1927 and was the site of the gala premiere of One Flew Over the Cuckoo&#39;s Nest in 1975, and of My Own Private Idaho in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The theatre was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It is currently owned by the McMenamins brewpub chain.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The rectangular structure covers almost all of four adjacent lots that total less than 1 acre. Resting on a concrete foundation, the Bagdad is made largely of reinforced concrete covered with stucco. Building heights vary from three-and-a-half stories on the north to three in the middle to five on the south. Partial basements underlie the north and south ends, and the structure is topped by a variety of shed, hip, and flat roofs of red tile.</p><br>
<p>Commercial storefronts, separated by a glassed-in theater entrance, face north and west on the main floor. Other exterior features include multi-paned transoms, fanlight transoms, red tile hoods above windows, decorative molding, mock rafters, and wrought-iron balconets. With a few exceptions, the exterior looks much as it did in 1927.</p><br>
<p>A 700 ft lobby leads from the entrance toward the theaters viewing areas. Hallways, ramps, and the auditorium have concrete walls decorated in a style meant to suggest the interior of a building near the Mediterranean Sea. Features include trompe-lœil tiles, ornate lighting fixtures, arched doorways, and motifs involving animals and legendary creatures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Universal Studios spent $100,000 on the construction of the Bagdad. Thomas and Mercier, a Portland architectural firm, designed the Bagdad, which was built by Christman and Otis Development Company. The theaters exotic exterior and its huge neon-lit marquee competed with other movie houses, drive-in restaurants, and billboards of the 1920s in attracting customers attention. Moorish, Egyptian, and Mayan motifs appeared here and there on movie houses across the city. The theater opened on January 14, 1927, with a showing of Her Big Night (1926) starring Laura La Plante.</p><br>
<p>The theater&#39;s interior included a large stage, a fountain, and Middle-Eastern decor, and its female ushers wore uniforms meant to appear Arabian. Early shows featured silent films, talkies, a theater orchestra, live stage shows, and vaudeville. Noted performers in the past included Sammy Davis Jr., and the Will Mastin Trio.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, Jack Nicholson, Louise Fletcher, and Michael Douglas appeared at the Bagdad for Oregons first showing of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. My Own Private Idaho opened at the Bagdad in 1991 after McMenamins renovated the theater.</p><br>
<p>In later years, the theater has hosted regular film series, like the "Midnight Movie" series organized by the hosts of cortandfatboy, in addition to book tours hosted by Powell&#39;s Books. In 2013, McMenamins renovated the theater, which included a larger screen, a digital projector, new seats, and an upgraded sound system.</p><br>
<p>National Park Seminary — later called National Park College — was a private girls&#39; school open from 1894 to 1942. Located in Forest Glen Park, Maryland, its name alludes to nearby Rock Creek Park. The historic campus is to be preserved as the center of a new housing development.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>College</h3><br>
<p>The campus began in 1887 as "Ye Forest Inne," a summer vacation retreat for Washington, D.C., residents. The retreat did not succeed financially, and the property was sold and redeveloped as a finishing school, opening in 1894 with a class of 48 female students. The architecture of the campus remained eclectic and whimsical. In addition to various Victorian styles, exotic designs included a Dutch windmill, a Swiss chalet, a Japanese pagoda, an Italian villa, and an English castle.</p><br>
<p>Many of these small homes with international designs were built from blueprints obtained by competing sororities, but all were designed by architect Emily Elizabeth Holman of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The campus also featured covered walkways, outdoor sculptures, and elaborately planned formal gardens. Among the administration was Assistant Dean of the college, Miss Edna Roeckel. In 1936 it was renamed "National Park College" and its focus was realigned with more modern education trends; it remained one of the most prestigious women&#39;s schools in the country.</p><br>
<h3>Walter Reed Forest Glen Annex</h3><br>
<p>With the onset of World War II, the United States Army began planning for the medical needs of returning soldiers. In 1942, the property was acquired by Walter Reed Army Hospital as a medical facility for disabled soldiers, thus closing the college. The Army paid $890,000 for the land and buildings that became the Walter Reed Forest Glen Annex. The goal was to provide to seriously injured service members a quiet, green space for rehabilitation and recovery that was within a short drive from the heavily urbanized neighborhood surrounding the hospital. Following World War II and the Korean War, the USA Army attempted to maintain the space with progressively limited funds; the USA Army employed some of the unique sorority houses as base housing for military officers who organized themselves and enlisted soldiers to maintain the seminary space. Eventually, however, the Army lost sufficient funding from the USA Congress during the 1960-1970s to maintain the space and was compelled to declare the property excess, pending transfer to the General Services Administration to find a new owner.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation and development</h3><br>
<p>On September 14, 1972, a 27-acre (0.11-km) National Park Seminary Historic District was listed as a national historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. In the following years, the historical integrity of the property was threatened by neglect and vandalism. The Greek Revival Odeon Theater was lost to arson in 1993. Local preservation groups took action and "Save Our Seminary" (SOS) was formed in 1988. In the late 1990s, Senator Paul Sarbanes was instrumental in encouraging the Army to make repairs to some of the buildings and, ultimately, in releasing the property for development. With private donations, SOS began an exterior restoration project of the pagoda in 1999, completed in 2003.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, a development team led by the Alexander Company began implementing a plan to preserve the campus as the core of a new residential neighborhood. The residential neighborhood consists of townhomes, condominiums, and apartments. The townhomes are in a variety of architectural styles from Spanish mission to colonial. The apartments, some of which are affordable housing, are in the main structure. Condominiums are located in several buildings that branch off of the main structure including the Senior House, Senior Annex, and Music Hall. There are condominiums in the Chapel and Aloha House. The Alexander Company&#39;s plans for redevelopment of the site were featured in a 2006 New York Times story.</p><br>
<p>Portions of the abandoned seminary grounds were made available for townhouse development which began in 2006. Portions of the old-growth forest in the glen were cut down for the commercial housing development and portions were retained; likewise, parts of the historically sensitive yards and courts were spared from redevelopment.</p><br>
<h2>Student Activities</h2><br>
<p>There were eight sororities on campus each with a themed house they were:</p><br>
<p>Alpha Epsilon Pi - American Bungalow</p><br>
<p>Kappa Delta Phi - Dutch Windmill</p><br>
<p>Phi Delta Psi - Colonial House</p><br>
<p>Chi Psi Upsilon - Japanese Pagoda</p><br>
<p>Pi Beta Nu - English Castle</p><br>
<p>Theta Sigma Rho - Spanish Mission House</p><br>
<p>Zeta Eta Theta - Swiss Chalet</p><br>
<p>Chi Omicron Pi - Japanese Bungalow</p><br>
<p>The Country Club Historic District is a suburban residential district established in 1922 in Edina, Minnesota, United States. It was one of Minnesota&#39;s first comprehensive planned communities and served as the prototype for subsequent town planning in this suburb of Minneapolis. The development was modeled after the J.C. Nichols Country Club District in Kansas City, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>The district is also noted for its homogeneous Period Revival architecture. The architectural styles are primarily Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, Georgian Revival and Mediterranean Revival designs. The neighborhood is listed in the National Register of Historic Places with 550 contributing properties mostly built 1924–1931. It was listing for having local significance in architecture, community planning, and landscape architecture.</p><br>
<p>The McPherson Town Historic District of Dayton, Ohio, contains roughly 90 structures north of downtown Dayton, across the Great Miami River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tucked into a corner of the horseshoe area formed by a bend in the Great Miami River, McPherson Town was founded on February 1, 1845. On this date, an Irishman named Samuel McPherson filed a plat consisting of 34 swampy, wooded lots on both sides of Dayton and Covington Turnpike. The center of this plat was located at the present-day North Main Street. and McPherson Street.</p><br>
<p>McPherson Town and much of Dayton were devastated by the flood of 1897 and the Great Dayton Flood of 1913. Many homes were destroyed or badly damaged. Current residents still find pounds of flood mud in walls and ceilings during renovation projects.</p><br>
<p>In the years following World War II, many Dayton residents moved to the suburbs. After years of neglect, the McPherson Town area was slated for bulldozing and urban renewal. Residential property was purchased for speculative purposes, including commercial development, highrise condominiums and an interstate highway. But in the early 1970s, a few key private investors recognized the unique historical significance of the neighborhood and began to renovate several old homes. With this, a move to obtain historic district status began.</p><br>
<p>In August, 1977 Dayton declared McPherson Town its third historic neighborhood and structures were protected from future urban renewal efforts. In 1988, McPherson Town was registered on the National Register of Historic Places, bounded by Main Street, the Great Miami River, I-75 and Downtown Dayton (No. 88001712). City of Dayton Ordinance #25363.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Most of the structures still in existence today in McPherson Town were built between 1880 and 1900. The architecture of McPherson Town Historic District includes examples Stick/Eastlake, Queen Anne and others. Since 1995, several modern infill houses have been constructed to replace structures that had been lost to fire or decay, and repair the streetscape of the neighborhood. These new construction homes are designed to look period with modern conveniences.</p><br>
<p>The Standard Oil Gasoline Station is a historic gas station in Odell, Illinois, that lies along historic USA Route 66. Before the days of the interstate highway system the station served patrons along the highway&#39;s cross country jaunt. It is fairly typical of gas stations along the historic corridor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The station was built in 1932 when a contractor, Patrick ODonnell purchased the small 200 ft by 60 ft piece of land the station stands on. The land lies on the southwest side of the Livingston County town. ODonnells plan was to build a gas station that he could lease to his son. The project went ahead and the station was modeled after a 1916 Standard Oil of Ohio design. The station is of the house and canopy style and includes work bays which were clearly added at a later date. Upon careful inspection the interior walls of the bays reveal the later origin. The station continued to sell Standard Oil products for its first several years but by 1940 it had switched to Phillips 66 brands. At least nine other stations besides ODonnell&#39;s dotted this part of Route 66 through Odell, the competition drove the addition of the bays by the 1940s. Between 1940 and 1952 the station underwent a number of changes.</p><br>
<p>At one point, the station went from Phillips 66 to Sinclair products. Eventually, in 1952, Robert Close leased the station from ODonnell. When ODonnell died, Close purchased the property from his estate. He moved his family into the adjacent cafe which had been converted into a house. They stayed there until it burned in the 1970s. Close continued to do body work at the station until 1999. It was that year that the Village of Odell purchased the station for the express purpose of historic restoration. The Route 66 Association of Illinois took interest in the project and nominated the property for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, a status it was granted on November 9. 1997.</p><br>
<p>Route 66 began to decline as early as the mid-1940s. A bypass was constructed around Odell in 1946, traffic was directed around the strip that held the gas stations and businesses started to disappear. The O&#39;Donnell station persisted until 1967, largely because it offered services as well as gasoline.</p><br>
<p>Peoria State Hospital Historic District, also known as Bartonville State Hospital or Illinois Asylum for the Incurable Insane, was a psychiatric hospital operated by the State of Illinois from 1902 to 1973. The hospital is located in Bartonville, Illinois, near the city of Peoria in Peoria County. The hospital grounds and its 63 buildings are listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hospital was founded as a result of the Illinois General Assembly&#39;s provision for the establishment of the Illinois Asylum for the Incurable Insane in 1895. In response to the legislation, then Governor John Altgeld appointed a three-person commission charged with site selection. The commission president was John Finely, a Peorian, and one of the members was J.J. McAndrews of Chicago who later served in the USA House of Representatives as a Congressman. The commission selected the site near Peoria, in Bartonville.</p><br>
<p>Construction at the site started in 1895 with the main building completed in 1897. This building was never used, however, as its structural integrity was compromised by abandoned mine shafts on the property. The 1927 history of the hospital, however, gives a different explanation for its abandonment:</p><br>
<p>In 1902, reconstruction was completed under the direction of Dr. George Zeller as a cottage system plan of 33 buildings. Among the buildings were patient and caretaker housing, a store, a power station, and a communal utility building.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Hospital for the Incurable Insane began operations on February 10, 1902 and patients characterized as "incurable" were transferred to Bartonville from other Illinois facilities. In 1906 the hospital opened a training school for nurses. From 1907 to 1909 the facility was known as the Illinois General Hospital for the Insane and, in 1909, Peoria State Hospital. This same year, the offices of Board of Commissioners and Board of State Commissioners of Public Charities were abolished and all state-run charitable institutions were administered by the Board of Administration.</p><br>
<p>On the hospital&#39;s 25th anniversary in 1927, the population was 2,650 with a total of 13,510 patients having entered the facility. During this time, Dr. Zeller was widely respected for his focus on therapeutic efforts. Zeller crusaded for a better public understanding of the mentally ill including inviting newspaper reporters and community members to visit Peoria State. From 1943 until 1969 the hospital participated in a departmental affiliation program for psychiatric nursing which provided instruction in psychiatric nursing to students from regional general hospital nursing schools.</p><br>
<p>From 1917 until 1961 the hospital was operated by the Illinois Department of Public Welfare. In 1961 the Department of Mental Health was created and assumed responsibility of the institution.</p><br>
<p>At its peak in the 1950s, Bartonville housed 2,800 patients. By 1972 when its closure was announced, the patient census had dropped to 600. After the hospital closed, the buildings stood empty and were auctioned off. When the initial auction buyer went bankrupt, developer, Winsley Durand, Jr., took over ownership with the hope of creating office space in the structures. His plan was never fully realized and the buildings remained empty. Since that time, many of the remaining structures have been demolished and others were renovated to house various commercial and industrial businesses. The Village of Bartonville has established the entire property as a TIF district to encourage further growth and development of the property.</p><br>
<p>The Bowen building, the nurses&#39; dorm and college and administration building, was demolished in 2016 by the save the Bowen NFP to repay loans. Unfortunately, the loans remain unpaid to the Village of Bartonville.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The grounds consisted of 63 buildings, many of which are residential in nature and laid out to the traditional cottage plan, common for mental hospitals built in the early 20th century. The original main building constructed was on the Kirkbride Plan. There are only 12 of the 63 buildings left standing as of July 1, 2019. All are currently occupied.</p><br>
<h2>Ghost stories</h2><br>
<p>The hospital grounds are the subject of local ghost lore. One well documented legend tells of Manuel A. Bookbinder "Old Book", a patient who worked with the burial crew at the hospital until his own death. It is said that upon his death his physical form was seen by Dr. Zeller and over a hundred of the patients and nurses that attended his funeral crying at the old elm in the potters field. A closer inspection of the casket for which he rested showed the peaceful remains of the loved figure still resting within, thus the legend of the "Graveyard Elm" began.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s, Zeller penned a book titled, Befriending The Bereft, drawn from the mysterious experiences he had at the hospital during his two tenures as superintendent, 1902–1913 and 1921–1935. Included, among numerous other eerie stories, were Zeller&#39;s own account of Old Book and the Graveyard Elm.</p><br>
<p>The paranormal claims of Peoria State Hospital were investigated by The Atlantic Paranormal Society (TAPS) in the TV show Ghost Hunters.</p><br>
<p>The Opa-locka Thematic Resource Area is a group of thematically related historic sites in Opa-locka, Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The area comprises 20 surviving Moorish Revival buildings which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The buildings were designed in the mid-1920s by architect Bernhardt E. Muller as part of the development of Opa-locka by Glenn Hammond Curtiss, an aviation pioneer, and his development and sales company, Opa-locka Company. In developing Opa-locka, Curtiss sought to follow a theme inspired by the Arabian Nights. The designated buildings include the Opa-locka Company administration building, considered the anchor of the Opa-locka development, the Opa-locka railroad station, and the development&#39;s first commercial building, the Harry Hurt Building.</p><br>
<h2>History of the sites</h2><br>
<p>After Glenn Curtiss, an aviation pioneer, retired from aircraft development and manufacturing in the 1920s, he became a real estate developer in Florida. In 1926, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s, Curtiss founded the Opa-locka project on 4.2 acres of land in northwestern Miami-Dade County, Florida. The Opa-locka Company was the development and sales company established by Curtiss for his Opa-locka project.</p><br>
<p>Curtiss named the development "Opa-tisha-wocka-locka", which meant "a big island covered with many trees and swamps." Some sources indicate that Curtiss was inspired by his viewing of the 1924 motion picture The Thief of Baghdad.</p><br>
<p>Muller designed 86 buildings in Opa-locka in a Moorish Revival style. The buildings elements include onion-shaped domes, minarets, crenelated parapets, Saracenic arches, watchtowers, mosaic tile, and outdoor spiral staircases. The streets were given Arabian-related names, such as Ali Baba Avenue, Sharazad Avenue, Caliph Street, Sinbad Avenue, Sesame Street, and Aladdin Street.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building has been described as "the anchor of the new city," and was designed by Muller as the headquarters for the Opa-locka Company. It was later used as Opa-lockas City Hall. The building has been called "The Nations Weirdest City Hall", and was reported to have been inspired by the description of the palace of the Emperor Kosroushah in One Thousand and One Nights. The Administration Building includes "a dazzling array of domes, minarets, and arches, which combined to create a delightful oriental palace and afforded the appearance of a magical, fantasy city."</p><br>
<p>The 1926 Miami hurricane struck in September of that year and destroyed many of the original Moorish-style buildings, but some survived.</p><br>
<h2>List of registered sites</h2><br>
<p>The following buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places as part of a Multiple Property Submission with the 1981 study, or later, consistently with the study guidelines of the Opa-locka Thematic Resource Area report.</p><br>
<p>The Park Avenue Armory, also known as the 7th Regiment Armory, is a historic armory for the USA Army National Guard at 643 Park Avenue in the Upper East Side neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, United States. Designed in the Gothic Revival style by Charles Clinton for the 7th New York Militia Regiment, the Park Avenue Armory was completed in 1880, with two expansions in the early 20th century. The building and its interior are New York City designated landmarks, and the structure was made a National Historic Landmark in 1986. Since 2006, it has been the home of the Park Avenue Armory Conservancy, which leased the building for 99 years from the New York state government. The 53rd Digital Liaison Detachment of the New York Army National Guard, the Veterans of the 7th Regiment, the Knickerbocker Greys cadet corps, and the Lenox Hill Neighborhood House also occupy parts of the armory.</p><br>
<p>The armory occupies a city block bounded by Park Avenue to the west, 67th Street to the north, Lexington Avenue to the east, and 66th Street to the south. It is composed of two structures: the five-story administration building to the west and a drill hall to the east. The facade of the administration building is made of Philadelphia red brick and granite trim, with various defensive features. Numerous spaces in the interior of the building were designed in several styles by decorators such as Louis Comfort Tiffany, Stanford White, Kimbel and Cabus, Alexander Roux, Francis Davis Millet, and the Herter Brothers. These include halls and stairways; a series of regimental rooms on the first floor; and twelve rooms for the 7th Regiments companies on the second floor. The drill hall, measuring 200 by, was one of New York Citys largest column-free indoor spaces when completed.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Board of Aldermen approved the Park Avenue Armorys construction in 1875 but refused to fund the $350,000 construction cost. As such, the 7th Regiment funded the armorys construction through donations and a bond issue; work started in 1877, and the armory formally opened on September 30, 1880. The armory was substantially expanded from 1909 to 1913, with a refurbished drill hall and a new fourth story; the fifth floor was built in the late 1920s or early 1930s. The building was mostly used for military purposes through the 20th century, though it had hosted numerous events, competitions, and exhibits over the years. The state government proposed leasing out the armory in the late 1990s. In 2000, the state awarded the Park Avenue Armory Conservancy the responsibility of overhauling the building, restoring the dilapidated interior spaces, and transforming it into an arts venue. In the 21st century, the armory is largely used as an event, exhibit, and performance space.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Park Avenue Armory occupies the entire city block bounded by Park Avenue to the west, 67th Street to the north, Lexington Avenue to the east, and 66th Street to the south. The land lot is rectangular and covers, with a frontage of about on either avenue and about on either street. Neighboring buildings include 620 Park Avenue to the southwest; Millan House and the Hunter College campus to the north; 149–151 East 67th Street and the Park East Synagogue to the northeast; 130 East 67th Street and 131 East 66th Street to the east; and the Church of Saint Vincent Ferrer to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The site was owned by the British Crown until the American Revolutionary War, when the New York City government took over the site. When streets were laid out per the Commissioners Plan of 1811, the city government retained six city blocks between 66th Street, Park Avenue, 69th Street, and Third Avenue. The six-block site was intended to be developed into a public park called Hamilton Square, but the plots were instead leased to educational, medical, and charitable institutions. The Park Avenue Armory was one such institution, built on the southwest corner of Hamilton Square on land leased from the city. The armory, along with Hunter College and a fire and police station on 67th Street, are the only remnants of the sites use as an institutional campus.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by the architect Charles W. Clinton in the Gothic Revival style. The builder was R. L. Darragh, while the bricklayers were Van Dolson & Arnott. The Park Avenue Armory is composed of two structures: the administration building to the west, on Park Avenue, and the drill hall to the east, on Lexington Avenue. The entire building is surrounded by a landscaped areaway, except on the Lexington Avenue frontage of the drill hall.</p><br>
<h3>Form and facade</h3><br>
<h4>Administration building</h4><br>
<p>The administration building was originally three stories tall, with the third story being a mansard roof. The fourth story was added in 1909, but the fifth story, recessed from Park Avenue, was built in 1930. Originally, the central tower was five stories high, while the outer towers were three and a half stories high. The central tower had a spired belfry with granite arches, which was removed in a 1909 renovation.</p><br>
<p>The facade of the administration building was built with Philadelphia red brick and granite trim. The basement is clad with thick walls of rock-faced granite. There is a smooth-granite sill course at the bottom of the first story. The facade also had granite quoins and granite arches. The cornices at the tops of each tower are decorated with corbeled bricks; above these are crenellated parapets. Brick corbels extend horizontally across the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The administration building was designed as a utilitarian structure, lacking what Clark described as "useless ornament". The facade also contains numerous loopholes, through which soldiers could fire their rifles while being shielded from enemy fire. The top of the central tower, rising 100 ft, allowed easy views of the surrounding neighborhood. The structure could be defended by fifty soldiers at a time.</p><br>
<h4>Drill hall section</h4><br>
<p>The large vaulted space for the drill hall is on the eastern three-quarters of the block. The drill hall is also clad with brick, with three band courses of stone running horizontally across the plain facade. The top of the wall has stone coping and a parapet that is crenellated. Narrow windows, also meant to be easily defensible, lined the 66th and 67th Street facades.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The first floor of the administration building has various regimental rooms laid on a north–south axis. The regimental rooms were used by both the public and the 7th Regiments officers Also in the building were a library, veterans quarters, memorials, reading rooms, reception rooms, and drill hall/gymnasium, and ten company rooms</p><br>
<p>Architects and interior designers of the American Aesthetic Movement were commissioned to furnish the rooms and company quarters. These include the Veterans Room and Library, decorated by Louis Comfort Tiffany along with Stanford White; and the Reception, Board of Officers, and Colonel&#39;s rooms, designed by the Herter Brothers. The interior spaces were decorated with various paintings and portraits. The collection included a portrait of George Washington by Rembrandt Peale, and portraits depicting the 7th Regiment in camp and on the march by Thomas Nast and Sanford Robinson Gifford. There were also portraits of various 7th Regiment colonels and other officers. The armory displayed sculptures as well, such as a statue of Mercury, a plaster cast of the Seventh Regiment Memorial in Central Park, and a replica of the Statue of Liberty.</p><br>
<h4>Hallways and stairs</h4><br>
<p>On the first floor of the administration building, the regimental rooms are divided into northwest, southwest, and eastern sections by a west–east entrance hall and a north–south main corridor. The entrance hall, the hallways on the first and second floors, and the main stairway between the two floors were all designed by George C. Flint & Co. The spaces have decorative features such as plaster ceilings, oak woodwork, and ornate doorways.</p><br>
<p>The first-floor entrance hall leads west of the north–south corridor to the Park Avenue entrance. From the outset, the hall was decorated with various plaques describing the 7th Regiment&#39;s history. At the eastern end of the entrance hall (where it meets the corridor), a double stairway leads from the first to the second floors.</p><br>
<h4>Regimental rooms</h4><br>
<h4>=Veterans Room and library=</h4><br>
<p>The Veterans Room and library, designed by Tiffany and White and completed in 1881, They are among the few remaining interior spaces influenced by the American Aesthetic Movement, as well as two of the only surviving rooms worldwide designed by Tiffany&#39;s Associated Artists. Tiffany created stained glass windows for the Veterans Room, while Francis D. Millet and George H. Yewell were responsible for friezes in that room. Other people involved in the design included Samuel Colman, who did the stenciling; Candace Wheeler, who created the embroideries; and possibly Lockwood de Forest, who may have provided some of the woodwork carving.</p><br>
<p>The Veterans Room is located at the northwest corner of the building, on 67th Street; On the north wall is a mosaic-tile fireplace; a wooden mantel measuring almost 10 ft tall, which depicts an eagle attacking a sea dragon; The room has oak wainscoting, benches, and sliding doors. The walls were originally painted blue-gray with stenciling, and wrought-iron lighting fixtures illuminate the space. At the top of the wall is a frieze with battle scenes and shields. There are two columns with nautical chains wrapped around their lower halves. The coffered ceiling and served as a performance venue by the early 21st century.</p><br>
<p>The library, also known as the Silver Room, is just south of the Veterans Room on the north wall of the lobby. A stair leads to a gallery with iron rails. The walls are paneled and were formerly stenciled. Also within the library are an inglenook fireplace and a pair of multi-pane round-arched windows with some stained glass. The ceiling of the library is a barrel vault, A chandelier hangs from the ceiling. The library&#39;s books were moved to the third floor in 1895–1896, and the space was adapted into a regimental museum 1911–1914.</p><br>
<h4>=Reception and Board of Officers rooms=</h4><br>
<p>The reception and Board of Officers rooms are at the southwestern section of the ground floor. is on the south wall of the lobby and north of the Board of Officers Room. It has historically been used as a women&#39;s reception and coat room.</p><br>
<p>The Board of Officers Room, also known as the Clark Room, is at the southwest corner of the building, on 66th Street. The walls and ceilings were decorated with floral designs, later covered over: the wall was originally painted blue, and the ceiling had a frieze. as well as cabinets. From 1932 onward, the room was a memorial to Emmons Clark. The stencils on the ceiling and walls were restored in 2013; the wall was painted dark green, and the ceilings were painted yellow.</p><br>
<h4>=Other regimental rooms=</h4><br>
<p>Between the hallway to the west and the drill hall to the east are additional regimental rooms, including six protected as New York City landmarks. Two of the landmarked rooms, the Colonels and Adjutants rooms, are south of the stair hall. and redecorated by Irving and Casson in 1948. The south wall has a mantel and overmantel, while the east wall originally had a window and cabinets. Two other rooms are located north and east of the Adjutant&#39;s Room.</p><br>
<p>There are four rooms north of the stair hall, all protected as city landmarks. North of the Equipment Room are two committee rooms, both designed by Robinson & Knust and created out of the former North Squad Drill Room in 1909–1911. The Outer Committee Room to the west and the Inner Committee Room to the east both have mahogany woodwork, wainscoting, wood doorways, plaster ceilings, and chandeliers. The Field and Staff Room, designed by Pottier & Stymus, is north of the committee rooms. It had large lockers; dark mahogany wainscoting and furnishings; stenciled walls, friezes, and ceilings; and taxidermied animal heads.</p><br>
<h4>Wade Thompson Drill Hall</h4><br>
<p>The drill hall, officially known as the Wade Thompson Drill Hall and also known as the drill room occupies the eastern portion of the site. It was designed by consulting architect Robert G. Hatfield, who had helped design Grand Central Depot, and engineer Charles MacDonald. Measuring 200 by across, the drill hall has a volume of about 3,720,000 ft&sup3; and was about three times as large as the drill hall at the 7th Regiment&#39;s previous armory. The New York Times said the room was among the largest such spaces in the United States. The hall was designed similarly to a train shed and is the oldest balloon shed in the USA, as well as one of the first American balloon sheds not associated with a railroad station.</p><br>
<p>The drill hall has Georgia pine floors laid in asphalt and concrete. Each arch is about 187 ft wide. The top and bottom chords of each arch were calculated from different foci, giving the arches a varying thickness and thereby strengthening the arches. The top of the roof is 100 ft above the floor, while the iron trusses are 75 ft high. Platforms and galleries were placed on the west and east walls. In addition, the western wall had walnut gun cabinets, and there was also walnut wainscoting and porcelain reflectors.</p><br>
<p>Jasper F. Cropsey was responsible for the drill hall&#39;s original decoration. During this renovation, the separate galleries on the west and east walls were replaced with a single gallery accessed by several stairways. the drill hall was repainted in green and gray; and the buttresses were modified or removed. Though the gallery seating was removed in 1955, the galleries still exist, with storage space underneath. By the 2010s, the drill hall was being used by the Park Avenue Armory Conservancy for large-scale artistic programming because of its size; The Wall Street Journal called the drill hall "a blank slate waiting to be transformed however an artist sees fit".</p><br>
<h4>Company rooms</h4><br>
<p>Twelve landmarked company rooms occupy the second floor. The ten original rooms, designed for companies A–K, are mostly designed in a Renaissance Revival style, Interior designers are attributed for seven of the ten original rooms: Pottier & Stymus designed four rooms for companies D, E, G, and I; Herter Brothers designed two rooms for companies C and H; and Sidney V. Stratton designed a Queen Anne style room for Company K. Though architects are not attributed for the quarters that housed companies A, B, and F, Albert Wagner was definitely involved in the design of Company Bs room, Two additional company rooms, originally designed by Pottier & Stymus as the non-commissioned officers and adjutant&#39;s rooms, The Company L room is in the neoclassical style, while the Company M room is in the Tudor Revival style., these rooms house workshops and artists in residence.</p><br>
<p>Four of the company rooms are located on the east side of the second-floor corridor; from south to north, they housed companies A, M, L, and K. a coffered ceiling was installed, and there is also a fireplace dating from 1937. but has a beamed ceiling and no stairway to its gallery. Company K&#39;s room was intended as the most ornate of the company rooms and has undergone the least modifications.</p><br>
<p>The eight company rooms to the west of the corridor housed companies B–I from south to north. it originally had blue-and-gold walls and a gas chandelier. along with some original lighting sconces, are in Company Cs room. it also had ornate stenciling on the walls, frieze, and ceiling. The design of Company Es room was revised in 1892 when the ceiling was refinished in a strapwork design, and the walls were covered in Japanese wallpaper. The original stenciling in the rooms of companies D and E was restored in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Company F room initially had red stenciled walls and still contains oak woodwork, a chandelier, a paneled ceiling, and plaques commemorating the companys Civil War casualties. Company Hs room has oak woodwork, lockers, wall covering, patterned oak ceiling with a cove, a variety of light fixtures, and doorway surrounds. Uniquely among the company rooms, Company I has a balcony on its south wall; it also has mahogany and Brazilian woodwork carvings, some lockers, several door and window surrounds, a fireplace mantel, a beamed ceiling, and two large wrought-iron chandeliers. The second floor also contained two squad drill rooms decorated in Georgia pine.</p><br>
<h4>Other spaces</h4><br>
<p>Within the basement was a rifle range measuring 300 ft long; it consisted of two parallel brick vaults, each measuring 13 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>The original third floor had a north–south corridor with wood wainscoting and Georgia pine trim. There were several rooms on the third floor, with ceilings and walls clad with Georgia pine. At the center of that story was a memorial room with tablets commemorating companies C, E, and H. This was flanked by two squad drill rooms, decorated with portraits of officers. The third floor also had a gymnasium; two general-use rooms; a kitchen; and rooms for the regiment&#39;s band and the drum corps. When the third floor was reconstructed in 1911, it was used as administrative offices. A new military library occupied half of that story (replacing the ground-story library), and a kitchen occupied the other half. The third-floor library had a Gothic-style ceiling and mahogany shelves.</p><br>
<p>As part of the 1911 reconstruction, a gymnasium was erected on the fourth floor. This story also contained a smaller drill hall with a stage. or early 1930s. Also on the fourth floor were two gates salvaged from the Union Club of the City of New York&#39;s building. By the 1980s, the administration building had two handball courts and two squash courts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>What is now the 7th New York Militia Regiment (nicknamed the "Silk Stocking Regiment" because of its members&#39; affluence) was established in 1806 as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th companies. The battalion was renamed several times before becoming the 7th Regiment of Infantry, New York State Militia, in 1847. The regiment quelled several civil disturbances in New York City during the mid-19th century, and it served in the American Civil War. and the Tompkins Market Armory in 1860. The regiment continued to grow over the next two decades, reaching 1,000 men by 1876.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<h4>Planning and early fundraising</h4><br>
<p>Emmons Clark, the leader of the 7th Regiment, had wanted to erect a new armory as early as 1867. Clark said the Tompkins Market Armorys drill room could fit only two companies at once, and the third floor of the structure was not strong enough to support military exercises. Furthermore, the regiments members perceived the old armory&#39;s location on the fringes of the Lower East Side, a tenement district within what is now the East Village, as being less safe than the Upper East Side, which was growing into an upscale neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>In 1873, the 7th Regiment attempted to obtain a site for a new armory at Reservoir Square (now the site of the New York Public Library Main Branch), The 7th Regiment then identified a site at Hamilton Square between 66th Street, Fourth (Park) Avenue, 67th Street, and Lexington Avenue for a new armory. A state senator introduced a bill to reserve the site for the 7th Regiment in February 1874, and the bill passed that April. Despite initial skepticism, representatives of the regiment voted to acquire the Hamilton Square site after seeing that most members of the regiment lived nearby. The regiment signed a 21-year lease in September 1874, and it began seeking funds from the city for construction. leaving that structure without a roof for a year.</p><br>
<p>The New York City Board of Aldermen authorized the new armorys construction in July 1875, city controller Andrew Haswell Green called the proposed expenditure wasteful. That November, the citys Board of Apportionment voted against granting a mandamus that would have raised the required $350,000 through taxes. The next month, a judge denied the regiments request to force the Board of Estimate to give them the money. The regiments board of officers announced in January 1876 that they would raise $330,000 for the armory themselves, and they contacted 1,500 regiment members and veterans for donations. The regiment had raised $36,000 by early February 1876, when the New Armory Fund was officially established. Charles W. Clinton, a veteran of Company K, was hired to design the armory; The fund had $80,000 by that July, but fundraising slowed down over the next year.</p><br>
<h4>Construction</h4><br>
<p>Work on the building began in early 1877. Veterans of the 7th Regiment laid the cornerstone on October 13, 1877, after the armory fund had reached $100,000. By then, the armorys foundation walls had been finished, and the drill halls walls were under construction. The fund had grown to $157,000 by the end of 1877, even as new subscriptions decreased sharply. The 7th Regiment hosted parties and benefit concerts to raise money.See, for instance, By September 1878, the fund had reached $200,000, the administration buildings facade was almost complete, and the drill halls foundation was completed. The drill hall&#39;s roof was finished at the end of the year, and the facade was completed in 1879.</p><br>
<p>To fund the remainder of construction, the 7th Regiment contemplated taking out a mortgage loan in early 1879 and was authorized to issue $150,000 in bonds that March. The regiment began issuing bonds in April, and the city extended the regiments lease of the site indefinitely, on the condition that the building remain in military use. Work on decorations continued through the end of 1879. Visitors were first allowed into the armory on November 17, 1879, when USA President Rutherford B. Hayes opened the New Armory Fair. The fair netted $140,550, which was used to fund the armorys completion and decoration of the ornate interiors. The 7th Regiment held its last assembly at the Tompkins Market Armory on April 25, 1880, and it took possession of the new uptown armory the next day. The next month, the regiment received approval from the Armory Committee to lease out the drill hall for events.</p><br>
<h3>Opening and early years</h3><br>
<p>The regiment formally opened the armory on September 30, 1880, and held an "Inauguration Ball" that December 15. The total cost of the armory amounted to $589,438.91; the structure was one of a few armories in the United States built and furnished with private funds. From the outset, the building was owned by its board of trustees, composed of 35 officers who were majors or a higher rank. Upon the armorys opening, the 7th Regiment was reportedly the only one in New York state that owned its building. it also housed the 7th Regiment Tennis Club. The armory quickly attracted members of New York Citys wealthiest families.</p><br>
<p>The regiment asked the New York City Department of Public Works in 1886 to provide funding for the armorys upkeep. That June, Clark ordered Veterans of the 7th Regiment to vacate the armory, believing that their presence ran counter to the terms of the regiments lease agreement with the city. Though the veterans group refused to move, the regiment began allowing outside groups to use the Veterans Room. including a new heating system. The state legislature then passed a law that provided $8,000 per year for the armorys upkeep when the bonds on the building matured in 1894. Veterans of the 7th Regiment, which wanted to meet in the Veterans Room, unsuccessfully requested an injunction to prevent the regiment from evicting them.</p><br>
<p>In January 1894, the 7th Regiment paid off the last of the armorys debt. To celebrate this, the regiment hosted a housewarming party that February and hosted an elaborate revue and parade in the drill hall the next month. In April 1896, the 7th Regiment requested that the New York Armory Board authorize the installation of electrical wiring and lighting throughout the building; with $30,000 provided for the installation of electric wires and 4,500 lightbulbs. After the Commercial Construction Company unsuccessfully bid for the lighting contract, J. F. Buchanan & Co. was awarded a general contract for lighting in April 1897. Installation of electric wires and lights took place throughout 1897, prompting trustees and company members to complain about the disarray of the armorys interiors. The work was completed by January 1898.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<h4>1900s to 1920s</h4><br>
<p>From the late 1890s to the early 1910s, numerous companies renovated their rooms to add new decorations, conduct repairs, or accommodate changes made to the building as a whole. Some of the regiments companies, such as Company K, retained their respective rooms original designs, while other companies significantly modified their quarters. Additionally, in 1901, the regiment&#39;s trustees indicated their intention to repair the leaky heating system, The Armory Board approved repairs to the heating system in July 1902 and hired the James Curran Manufacturing Company to conduct the repairs the next month. From 1902 onward, the armory also hosted the Knickerbocker Greys, a youth cadet corps. Following the passage of a federal law that required all National Guard regiments to have a dozen companies, Company L was created in May 1909, initially occupying a locker room.</p><br>
<p>The 7th Regiment requested another $210,000 for renovations in April 1909, including $10,000 to further upgrade the heating plant. That June, Robinson & Knus drew up plans for the armorys renovation; Kelly & Kelly were the general contractors for the project, while Baker, Smith & Co. were hired to modify the heating system. which roughly doubled the buildings usable space. The New York City Board of Aldermen issued $20,300 in bonds to renovate the drill hall in 1912. The Charles Meads Company was hired for the renovation, which was completed in early 1913; the project involved new seating areas and modifications to accommodate tennis games.</p><br>
<p>Although the rebuilt drill hall could accommodate more than 5,000 people, visitors criticized its acoustics. The 7th Regiment became the 107th Infantry during World War I. A fourth-story room housing the city&#39;s police band was destroyed by fire in 1922. Several tablets were dedicated at the armory in the 1920s, commemorating 7th Regiment troops who had died in World War I. These included tablets dedicated to the fallen members of Company F in 1923, Company B in 1924, and Company A in 1928. Brighter lights were installed in the drill hall in early 1926, following complaints that the lighting levels hindered tennis players in the USA National Indoor Championships.</p><br>
<h4>1930s to 1960s</h4><br>
<p>Sources disagree on whether the fifth story was built in 1928–1929, or 1931. Gustav III of Sweden, scientist Frederick M. Pedersen, and 107th Infantry commanding officer Harry Disston, as well as a painting of the Battle of Rezonville.</p><br>
<p>With the onset of World War II, in 1940, the New York state government stopped renting out the armory for civilian events. The same year, the New York Court of Appeals ruled that the citys Board of Estimate had to pay $8,000 annually toward the armorys upkeep, and the 107th Infantry became the 207th Coastal Artillery. The public was allowed to use the armory again in 1943. The 107th Infantry Regiment was revived in 1947, with its headquarters at the armory, and the 199th Army Ground Force Band was also headquartered at the armory in the late 1940s. Although there is documentation stating that ownership of the building was transferred to a veterans group named the 7th Regiment Fund in 1952, the state government has disputed the documentation, saying that the 7th Regiments commanding officer was not authorized to transfer ownership.</p><br>
<p>By the 1950s, there had been multiple proposals to replace the 7th Regiment Armory with a multipurpose building, as the 107th Infantry had outgrown the armory. Although the city and state governments unofficially did not oppose the plan (since they would be able to profit from the new structure), The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the armory&#39;s facade as a city landmark on June 9, 1967, and a plaque indicating this landmark designation was installed in September 1968. At the time, preservationists had lingering concerns that the building could be torn down.</p><br>
<h4>1970s to 1990s</h4><br>
<p>Through the 1970s, the armory was mainly occupied by the Second Brigade of the 42nd Division and the First Battalion of the 107th Infantry. It was periodically open to the public for events, but Manhattan Community Board 8 could not convince the regiment to host neighborhood activities there. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Developers proposed a residential tower above the armory in 1979, prompting protests from 7th Regiment veterans. Despite this, the state government began studying plans in January 1981 to erect a tower over the armory, generating opposition from figures such as former USA first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and USA Representative Mario Biaggi. The plan was canceled that March, as officials wished to focus on other development projects.</p><br>
<p>A mens homeless shelter opened at the armory in January 1983 and initially housed men on the third and fifth floors. At the time, the armory had a restaurant and a squash and tennis club, and it continued to host exhibitions. After a judge imposed a 200-bed limit, state legislator Roy Goodman and the city and state governments became involved in a dispute over the shelters capacity. City officials ultimately decided to convert the shelter at the 7th Regiment Armory into a womens shelter in mid-1985, citing a shortage in beds for homeless women, and the shelter began accommodating 100 middle-aged and elderly women with mental illnesses. The structure was made a National Historic Landmark in 1986. After the New York State Division of Military and Naval Affairs leased the building to a theatrical company in the late 1980s, the New York Comptrollers office accused the agency of illegally leasing the armory without the comptroller&#39;s approval.</p><br>
<p>The LPC considered designating the 7th Regiment Armorys interior as a landmark by 1992, and several rooms were designated as landmarks on July 19, 1994. The armorys homeless shelter, which was taken over by Lenox Hill Neighborhood House in 1996, continued to operate next to the antique shows and benefits in the drill hall. That year, the state sued the 7th Regiment Fund for ownership of the memorabilia in the armory; this dispute continued for a decade.</p><br>
<h3>Conversion to arts center</h3><br>
<h4>Request for proposals and opposition</h4><br>
<p>In March 1999, the state government issued a request for proposals for the armory. That September, the World Monuments Fund added the armory to its 2000 World Monuments Watch, a list of the worlds 100 most endangered sites. State officials began soliciting bids from the armory in mid-2000, following months of consultations with community leaders. The only bidder, the 7th Regiment Armory Conservancy, was awarded control in November 2000. The group (later the Park Avenue Armory Conservancy) was headed by Wade Thompson, Elihu Rose, and Rebecca Robertson Initial plans entailed converting the drill hall to a multi-use space with a 4,150-person capacity, which was later limited to 1,500 because of worries that traffic in the area would worsen. The 7th Regiment Armory Conservancy planned to spend $100 million on repairs upon signing a 99-year lease. The plans for the armorys renovation did not include retaining the women&#39;s shelter, prompting contentious debates.</p><br>
<p>The National Guard briefly used the armory as a command center in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, Events and shows returned to the building in February 2002. At the time, the 53rd Digital Liaison Detachment of the New York Army National Guard also occupied part of the armory.</p><br>
<p>In an attempt to prevent the Empire State Development Corporation from taking over the armory, 7th Regiment veterans sued mayor Michael Bloomberg and governor George Pataki in early 2005. The state government began hosting public hearings for the armorys proposed renovation that July. The state awarded $30 million for the renovation later that year, and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey contributed another $25 million. A state judge ruled in June 2006 that the New York state government owned the armorys artifacts. As part of a 2006 agreement, 100 homeless women were allowed to stay on the upper stories. The 7th Regiment Armory Conservancy took over the armory on December 14, 2006.</p><br>
<h4>Renovation</h4><br>
<p>In 2007, the 7th Regiment Armory Conservancy began hosting art exhibitions and performances and significantly increased rental rates for the fairs that occupied the drill hall, adjusting for market rates, to $30,000 per day. After the conservancy announced plans to open a restaurant and art venue, 7th Regiment veterans filed a lawsuit that August, seeking to rescind the conservancys lease. Significant opposition to the conservancys plans also came from local residents like Henry Kravis and Mike Wallace. Opponents of the armory&#39;s conversion cited the fact that large-scale performances at the armory would create heavy traffic congestion, while supporters denied these claims. and the conservancy began renovating the building for $215 million, which included upgrades to acoustic, structural, and mechanical systems. The facades on Lexington and Park Avenues were also renovated in 2010 and 2013, respectively.</p><br>
<p>During the early 2010s, the Park Avenue Armory Conservancy began hosting art, concerts, plays, and operas at the armory; most complaints about the armory&#39;s conversion to an arts venue had subsided. The Swiss architectural firm Herzog & de Meuron was hired to restore the interior of the Park Avenue Armory, completing a renovation of the Officers Room in late 2013. There were also plans to install a green roof on the administration building. By the mid-2010s, the armory was a major art venue, hosting exhibitions that were too large to fit elsewhere. Herzog & de Meuron began a restoration of the Veterans Room in April 2015,</p><br>
<p>The Park Avenue Armory Conservancy began restoring the floors in 2018 for $4 million, of which around half came from the New York City government. At the time, it planned to raise $49 million for further improvements. artists also used the vacant drill hall as rehearsal space. Robertson wanted to reopen the armory in October 2020 with capacity sharply reduced to 96 to allow for adequate social distancing. However, the reopening was delayed because several performers had been diagnosed with COVID-19 and because of the armorys adherence to strict health protocols. The venue did not reopen until March 2021; regular programming resumed later that year. The conservancy attempted to evict the Knickerbocker Greys in 2022 to make way for additional event space. Although the conservancy ultimately dropped its lawsuit, the efforts led New York state legislators to propose a bill preventing the Greys eviction; the bill became law in 2024.</p><br>
<h2>Notable events</h2><br>
<p>Until the 2010s, most of the armory&#39;s events were held in the drill hall. The LPC wrote that the room was "of enormous importance in the social and cultural life of the regiment over the years",</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The first event hosted at the armory was the New Armory Fair, The buildings first event after its opening, the Inauguration Ball on December 15, 1880, which attracted 10,000 spectators. as well as contests such as running, cycling, and roller-skating races. By 1897, the armory had hosted more than thirty games for the regiments Athletic Association.</p><br>
<p>Other events at the armory in its first decade included elaborate galas, lawn tennis games, vocalists concerts, and the annual musters and inspections of the 7th Regiments troops. In addition, Albert I of Belgium visited the armory in 1898.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<h4>Sporting events</h4><br>
<p>The armory started hosting the USA National Indoor Tennis Championships in 1900; the tennis matches took place in the drill hall, which could house eight tennis courts. The tennis championships continued at the armory even during World War I, when the venue was closed to the public. The women&#39;s championship moved to Boston in the early 1920s The National Indoor Championships occurred at the armory annually until 1940. because of ongoing renovations. The armory also hosted the Clean Air Tennis Classic in 1972 and housed a tennis club through the late 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the armory also hosted other sporting events, such as athletic meets between schools, the regiments annual athletic games, track-and-field races, junior tennis championships, and weekly shooting contests. The citys social settlement houses also hosted athletic competitions within the armory starting in 1903. By the 1940s, the armory was hosting squash games as well.</p><br>
<h4>Other events</h4><br>
<p>The armorys events, which included fairs, balls, games, concerts, and drills, and the Queen Mother Elizabeth in 1954. The venue hosted several events for the 7th Regiment. The interiors were elaborately rethemed to such varied locales as Egypt, Mars, and the Swiss Alps for the regiments annual autumn ball.See:</p><br>
<p>The annual military ball, which attracted thousands of guests, was suspended between 1940 and 1948. Annual reviews of the 7th Regiment continued during the 20th century, including during World War II. In the 1950s, the armory hosted a celebration of Company Ks centennial and the regiments 150th-anniversary.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the armory hosted performances such as a ballet in 1914 and a burlesque revue in 1923. There were some non-athletic competitions, such as Boy Scouts events and chess matches.See, for example: The armory also held military exercises, concerts, dance shows, dance balls, charity balls, and debutante balls. The 1937 live broadcast of the radio play The Fall of the City by Archibald MacLeish took place at the armory, and the buildings first-ever Mass occurred in 1941. The armory also hosted fundraisers, birthday celebrations, dinners, and graduation ceremonies for Hunter College. Douglas MacArthur in 1964, and Louis Armstrong in 1971 took place at the armory. Some plays were also hosted at the 7th Regiment Armory, such as some William Butler Yeats works in 1959 and Tamara in 1987. The armory also hosted the congregations of St. Georges Episcopal Church in 1963 and Central Synagogue in 1998 after their respective buildings were damaged.</p><br>
<p>The building has hosted large events and exhibitions such as the 1916 convention of the General Federation of Womens Clubs, the Girl Scouts annual spring reviews,See, for example: and the New York Poultry Show. From the 1950s onward, the armory hosted events and exhibits such as scientific expositions, interior design shows, sailboat shows, airplane exhibits, rare-book fairs, the Womens International Exposition, the International Motor Sports Show, the National Postage Show, and auctions hosted by Guernseys. The Winter Antiques Show began in 1954 and remained at the armory for the rest of the century. Other recurring shows included the National Arts and Antiques Festival, since 1964; the show Modernism: A Century of Style and Design, 1860–1960, since 1986; the Art Dealers Association of America&#39;s Art Show, since 1989; the International Antique Dealers Show, since 1989; and the International Asian Art Fair, from 1996 to 2007.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 21st century, the building hosted events such as a rally for 9/11 survivors, military award ceremonies, a memorial service for Merce Cunningham, and an exhibit on its own history. The armory continued to host recurring shows like the Winter Antiques Show, the International Fine Art and Antiques Show, and the New York Antiquarian Book Fair,</p><br>
<p>During the 2000s and 2010s, the drill hall hosted musical performances such as those by Lincoln Center Festival, the Tune-in Music Festival, the New York Philharmonic, and the Berlin Philharmonic. As the buildings resident nonprofit arts organization, the Park Avenue Armory Conservancy has hosted and created music, dance, theater, and multidisciplinary artistic works in the drill hall and other spaces. The armorys shows in the 2020s have included a tribute to the 19th Amendment; award-winning dramas that have transferred to Broadway such as The Lehman Trilogy and the musical Illinoise; music recitals, and immersive art. The armory continues to host annual galas.</p><br>
<p>In the 2010s and 2020s, the armory has continued to rent its space to art fairs including The European Fine Art Fair, the International Fine Print Dealers Association Print Fair, and TEFAF New York, The armory has also hosted other engagements such as fashion shows.</p><br>
<h2>Reception and influence</h2><br>
<p>When the armory was completed, the Veterans Room was characterized as having tiles that gleamed "as if a bit of the Atlantic furthest from shore had been caught and pressed into service". The Kings Handbook of New York described the rooms in 1892 as being "beautifully decorated and elegantly furnished", while an 1895 source called the armory "a handsome building well adapted for its purposes". After the buildings expansion in 1911, the New-York Tribune wrote that the armory was "distinctly military" but "represents a great military club".</p><br>
<p>Robert A. M. Stern and the co-authors of his 1999 book New York 1880 wrote that the armory "set a standard of quality in the care taken with the building itself and especially in the lavish appointments on the interior that was never achieved elsewhere". and New York magazine called the armory "Long the most impressive interior space in New York" in 2013. The Times described the veterans room in 2016 as being "as close as any room in New York City comes to such beyond-words fantasia" as the ornate room described in Alain Robbe-Grillets story The Secret Room, while the Financial Times called that room "an Aladdin&#39;s cave of ornate detail".</p><br>
<p>The Hartford Courant wrote in 2007 that the 7th Regiment Armory and others in the city inspired the construction of "a great array of medieval fortresses" across USA cities. The armory had been one of the first major National Guard armory projects.</p><br>
<p>The Leonard Reid House is a historic home in Sarasota, Florida, United States. It was originally located at 1435 7th Street. On October 29, 2002, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The frame vernacular residence was built in 1926 on Coconut Avenue in Sarasotas Overtown neighborhood. Reid and his family were prominent members of Sarasotas African American community. It was moved to 2529 N. Orange Avenue on May 20, 2022 where it will be the home for the Sarasota African American Cultural Coalition.</p><br>
<p>The Rosemary Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Sarasota, Florida. The cemetery is located at the northwest corner of the original plat of the town of Sarasota.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery was acquired by the town of Sarasota in 1903. The cemetery is a significant indicator of the early settlement as it is the first public cemetery in Sarasota and the oldest extant man-made landscape feature in the city.</p><br>
<p>On November 16, 2003, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Owen Burns, businessman and community leader</p><br>
<p>John Hamilton Gillespie, Sarasota&#39;s first mayor</p><br>
<p>The Sanderling Beach Club is a historic Sarasota School of Architecture building in Sarasota, Florida, United States. It was designed in 1952 by architect Paul Rudolph.</p><br>
<p>The club is located at 7400 Sanderling Road, Sarasota. On June 29, 1994, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The roof of each structure consists of a series of low vaulted ceilings, constructed of two thin layers of plywood sheathing. The general contractor for Sanderling was James Stroud, who built other Rudolph projects such as the 1957 Harkavy Residence and the 1953 Davis Residence.</p><br>
<p>The 1890 Windermere School  is a historic school in Windermere, Florida, United States. The schoolhouse is located at 113 West Seventh Avenue. The building served the community as a school between 1890 and 1916, then as a community center through 1923. After its days as a community center, it became a private residence. In 1995 the Armstrong-Parramore family, who owned the land and building, donated it to the city. Rooms and structures added to the building by the Armstrong-Parramores were dismantled, restoring the building to its original form. On June 5, 2003, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. In 2011, the Windermere city government wished to move the historic building to another location. However, a movement arose to keep it in its current location. The issue was put to Windermere voters in the form of a town charter amendment. The amendment, which protected the schoolhouse from further move attempts, passed overwhelmingly with 71.25% of voters in favor.</p><br>
<p>Meadow Marsh, which has also been known as the Luther F. Tilden House and as the Luther W. Tilden House, is a historic home in Winter Garden, Florida, United States that is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places . It is located at 940 Tildenville School Road. The neighborhood it is located in is known as Tildenville, an unincorporated village.</p><br>
<p>The house is a Classical Revival style house that was a work of Frederick H. Trimble. Trimble is also credited with design of NRHP-listed Fellsmere Public School in Fellsmere, Florida and the</p><br>
<p>NRHP-listed Vero Theatre in Vero Beach, Florida.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the NRHP as Luther F. Tilden House in 1996. The listing included four contributing buildings on 12 acre.</p><br>
<p>According to a historic site webpage, it was built by Luther Willis Tilden, the son of Luther Fuller Tilden.</p><br>
<p>Luther Tilden was a pioneer in citrus cultivation in Florida.</p><br>
<p>The Tookes House  is a historic 11 bedroom home in Tallahassee, Florida, United States. It is located at 412 West Virginia Street. On January 26, 2001, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Tookes Hotel (also referred to as Tookes Villa) was founded in 1948 by Dorothy Nash Tookes to accommodate black visitors to Tallahassee who could not seek lodging at other segregated establishments. Four rooms were added in 1948, two in the early 1950s and three in 1971. Tookes was the first certified teacher in Leon County, founder and first principal of the Bond School.</p><br>
<p>The Ocean Spray Hotel  is a historic hotel in Miami Beach, Florida, United States built in 1937. It is located at 4130 Collins Avenue . On June 2, 2004, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The architects of the building were M. L. Hampton Associates, and the builders were Belsham & Hampton.</p><br>
<p>The Ocean Spray Hotel is an example of original Art-Deco architecture which is outside the Art-Deco-District of Miami Beach.</p><br>
<p>The Trapp Homestead  is a historic home in the Coconut Grove section of the City of Miami, Florida, United States. It is located at 2521 South Bayshore Drive. On November 10, 1994, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The home was constructed in 1887 out of oolitic lime quarried locally by Caleb Trapp  and his son, Harlan. During construction, the Trapps lived on a thatched hut at the front of the property. The property is believed to be the oldest-standing masonry home in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The estate&#39;s construction pre-dates the incorporation of the City of Miami. The estate was particularly notable at the time because it was one of the few stone structures in Miami-Dade County , as nearly all structures in the area were built of wood at that time.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally, the property consisted of approximately 2.5 acre overlooking Biscayne Bay before what is now called South Bayshore Drive was built. When the road was first built, it was known as Rhodes Boulevard and was named for Mrs. Trapps family, which had previously settled in the area and received a 400 acre land grant. Subsequently, Main Street, which was later renamed Tigertail Avenue was constructed along propertys northern boundary.</p><br>
<p>The Trapp family pioneered the famed "Trapp Avocado" and sold them by boat to early Miami area hotels. They also grew and milled coontie starch sold for local use. A road in Coconut Grove located just a few blocks away is named Trapp Avenue in honor of the Trapp family. The Trapps were significant community leaders in the area and Mr. Trapp was one of the fourteen founding members of the Biscayne Bay Yacht Club. Mrs. Trapp is believed to have given the first teachers&#39; test for the local public school at the estate. She was also one of the first Public School Teachers in the area. In 1887 or 1888 a school taught by Harlan Trapp was opened in Lemon City, now a part of Miami.</p><br>
<p>In the years that followed, numerous mansions were constructed along Rhodes Boulevard/South Bayshore Drive and the street became notable in Miami for its expensive and substantial homes located on top of the Silver Bluff overlooking Biscayne Bay. The Trapp family later sold off various parts of the property where numerous homes and apartments were constructed.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, the Connelly family of Atlanta, Georgia purchased the property and used it as a part-time residence. It started to collapse in 1978. In the 1980s and 1990s, many of the other homes located on the sold off neighboring lots were demolished and all that remained were the four decaying structures on the central portion of the property, with the main building holding up best, though poorly.</p><br>
<p>Between 1994 and 1996, the Connellys purchased the remaining parcels on each side of the central parcel and had the site officially entered into the National Register of Historic Places. Meanwhile, the property continued to decline and several buildings became uninhabitable. The estate became well known with community activists who feared that the buildings would collapse and that a developer would purchase the property for highrise development.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the already-weakened roof of the main house suffered serious damage in Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Wilma, while other buildings on the site suffered more serious damage and it was determined that the secondary buildings could not be saved from demolition.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>In early 2006, the Connellys sold the property to Lisa and Victor Mendelson, longtime Miami and Coconut Grove residents, who worked with a historic preservationist architect, Richard Heisenbottle, FAIA to develop a plan to restore the main house and add an appropriate addition to it for their familys private use. Minor zoning variances were needed to accommodate the height of the crows nest. The plans were approved by the City of Miami&#39;s Historic and Environmental Preservation Board in the Fall of 2006. Construction commenced in April 2010 and is expected to be complete in 12 months.</p><br>
<p>The Ormond Yacht Club building is a historic site in Ormond Beach, Florida, United States. The organization was chartered on February 10, 1910, and its constitution stated, "The object of the club shall be to increase the sociability and general up-building of the town of Ormond and to promote boating in its broadest sense,"</p><br>
<p>It is located at 63 North Beach Street, and was built in 1910 on the Halifax River. The structure is supported by a foundation of concrete piers with wooden posts. A 147-foot walkway connects the structure to the river&#39;s western shore. It is a 2-story frame vernacular wooden structure with 1,734 square feet. Its hip roof has a medium pitch (almost pyramidal in appearance). A walkway and boathouse once extended from the clubhouse further into the Halifax River, but these structures were destroyed by a storm and never rebuilt.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Ormond Yacht Club was designed by architect, Sumner Hale Gove in the Frame Vernacular style.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>On April 19, 2005, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Stockton-Lindquist House  is the oldest historic home in the small town of DeLand, Florida and one of the oldest Historic Sites in Volusia County, FL. SLH was built in 1870. It is located at 244 East Beresford Avenue. SLH has been designated four times, each time highlighting its important aspects and contributions to Volusia County, FL. On June 22, 2004, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. SLH has also being designated a Florida Archaeological Site under the project name Andrew and Mary Lindquist Aboriginal site. It was recognized by the Florida Bureau of Folklife and has been recently designated on the Volusia County Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>On July 4, 2008, the Stockton-Lindquist House became the home of the Stockton-Lindquist House Foundation for Historic Preservation, Inc, a 501 (C)(4). The foundation is organized exclusively for civics, social welfare, religious, charitable, educational, and scientific purposes, including, for such purposes as the restoration and preservation in perpetuity of historic buildings and properties, and to increase the sum of historic knowledge for the benefit of all mankind.</p><br>
<p>The Kilkoff House is a historic house located in DeLand, Florida. It is locally significant as one of DeLand&#39;s earliest buildings, and also as a good example of vernacular construction that historically underwent modification to suit the needs and tastes of its owners.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1878, and altered up until 1920, the residence is a two-story frame, vernacular building with Classical Revival elements, and a "T" footprint. Built on a foundation of brick piers, the exterior is of horizontal siding, and the cross gable roof is surfaced with asphalt shingles and pierced by one brick chimney. The property contains two non-contributing resources: a swimming pool and a garage.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1997.</p><br>
<p>Kilkoff House in Deland2.jpg</p><br>
<p>Kilkoff House in Deland3.jpg</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Haynes House is a historic house located at 128 West Howry Avenue in DeLand, Florida. It is the oldest Queen Anne style home in the city. The building displays craftsmanship typically applied to large, formal residences. Completed in 1896, the building retains its integrity to a high degree.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house is a good example of a late 19th century Queen Anne style residence. The building is stories, measures approximately thirty by fifty feet, and has an irregular footprint.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 7, 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Delos A. Blodgett House  is a historic house located at 404 Ridgewood Avenue in Daytona Beach, Florida.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The -story house was completed in 1896 for Delos A. Blodgett and his wife Daisy A. Peck. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 2, 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Delos A. Blodgett House was designed by architect, Sumner Hale Gove in the Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>The Grant Van Valkenburg House  is a historic home in West Palm Beach, Florida, United States. It is located at 213 Rosemary Avenue. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as "a fine example of a Craftsman bungalow with Victorian detailing. The -story, wood-frame dwelling sits on a raised concrete foundation and has a gabled roof with multi-planes and two gabled dormers, all with wide, overhanging eaves. The house is clad in three wood variations and has many decorative exterior features, including Victorian scroll-sawn woodwork. The interior of the Van Valkenburg House features many elements characteristic of Craftsman-style bungalows, including built-in furniture, leaded glass cabinet doors, wide baseboards, picture rails, coved ceilings, round arch openings, and carved woodwork. The house remains largely intact since its construction in 1918 and retains a high degree of architectural integrity. The house is architecturally significant as one of the last remaining Craftsman bungalows with Victorian detailing within the City of West Palm Beach."</p><br>
<p>The house was moved from 316 Hibiscus Street to its current location in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The Bingham-Blossom House, also known as Figulus, was a historic home and landscaped estate in Palm Beach, Palm Beach County, southeastern Florida. It was located at 1250 South Ocean Boulevard. It was damaged by fire and demolished in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The residence was completed in 1893 in the Shingle Style, for Charles William Bingham and wife, Mary Payne Bingham, of Cleveland, Ohio. It was the first privately owned residence on the ocean in Palm Beach. The original 17 acres of grounds contained many tropical trees brought from around the world by David Grandison Fairchild, noted botanist and friend of the Bingham family. It was designed by local artisan and builder George Lainhart, with deep recessed porches, wide overhangs, and cross ventilation that provided the necessary comfort, without air conditioning.</p><br>
<p>On December 5, 1972, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It was also documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently, the residence was seriously damaged by fire and was demolished in 1974. The site was cleared except for the plantings.</p><br>
<h2>Casa Apava</h2><br>
<p>The Bingham&#39;s gave their daughter Frances Payne Bingham Bolton and her husband Chester C. Bolton an estate named Casa Apava, that was built just south of Figulus in 1919. The large laterally rambling Mediterranean Revival style complex was designed by architect Abram Garfield, the son of President Garfield. The residence remains in near original condition, and was sold for $71.2 million in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Lavender House  is a historic home in Boca Raton, Florida, United States. It is located at 875 Alamanda Street. On February 24, 1995, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Modern real estate agents in Boca Raton tend to mistakenly describe von Holst&#39;s residential work there as by the colorful, quixotic Addison Mizner. While Mizner did serve as the general contractor and developer of "Floresta" in its initial stage, the architectural plans for these homes were by von Holst, who was a distinguished Chicago Prairie School architect who relocated to Florida for this purpose. Soon after the neighborhood was begun, Mizner defaulted on payments to contractors and was successfully sued by von Holst, et al., and thereafter von Holst took chief responsibility for nurturing Floresta to success.</p><br>
<p>Lucy von Holst, along with the wives of their two remaining partners (John Verhoeven and Fred Aiken), prepared unsold homes for stylish winter rentals for snowbirds. The true story of old Floresta has been carefully documented by Dr. Donald W. Curl in the journal of the Boca Raton Historical Society. There are two houses listed in the National Register in Boca Raton. The other house is the Fred C. Aiken House, two blocks away from the Lavender House, where Boca Raton&#39;s third Mayor, Fred C. Aiken lived for 31 years.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois National Guard Armory in Rockford, Illinois, is located at 605 Main St. and served as the headquarters for Illinois National Guard units of various designations for nearly 60 years. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The armory also was used as a music venue throughout the 1970s. ZZ Top, KISS, REO Speedwagon and Fleetwood Mac are some of the bands that held concerts.</p><br>
<h2>National Guard use</h2><br>
<p>Construction planning began in 1934 for the Illinois National Guard Armory in Rockford began with the selection of a site and architects for the project. With Bradley & Bradley signed on as architects and Sjostrom & Sons contracted for construction the project began in 1936. The firm of Benson Stone created unique stonework for the building&#39;s façade. The building was dedicated in 1937. Throughout WWII and on into the Cold War the Illinois National Guard occupied the facility. By 1941 the armory had seen its one millionth visitor.</p><br>
<p>In 1987 the State of Illinois designated the armory for repairs and allocated $490,000 for a new roof, wall repairs, window and door repairs, and other pertinent repair work. Those repairs happened in 1989 and the armory was up to code for the 404th Chemical Brigade to occupy the facility in 1990. The 404th was activated on June 23, 1990, as the only Chemical Brigade in the Army National Guard force structure. The 404th stayed at the armory until March 1, 1993, when the National Guard vacated the Rockford armory and moved into the new Machesney Park Armory. With the National Guard gone the art deco building stood empty and open to new owners. Right after the Guard moved out Illinois Governor Jim Edgar blocked the sale of the armory to a Chicago investor, Ken Goldberg. Goldberg had offered $61,000 for the property but Edgar cited building code violations on Goldberg&#39;s other properties as rationale for blocking the deal.</p><br>
<h2>Post Guard use</h2><br>
<p>The period from 1994 to 1999 saw the armory occupied by an educational facility and was a time period that was rife with controversy surrounding the transfer of and condition of the property. It was in 1994/1995 that Amcore Bank provided the OIC Vocational Institute with $300,000 in loans against its Accounts Receivable. The Institute expected federal grants for its status as an educational/job training facility as well as being a non-profit organization. However, according to the Illinois State Board of Education OIC was never accredited, despite this, at the time, the National Guard leased the armory to the OIC Institute. A year later, in 1996, Illinois State Senator Dave Syverson paved the way for OIC to purchase the armory property for $1, a dollar the National Guard claims it was never paid. In a Quit Claim Deed OIC agreed to use the armory for 20 years as an educational and job training facility or ownership will revert to the state.</p><br>
<p>The Institute would occupy the armory for less than two years. By 1997 OIC was teetering and the state was facing the prospect of having an empty Guard armory on its hands. Syverson and Illinois Representative Doug Scott, of Rockford, sponsor an amendment to remove the revert clause and ensure that the armory would stay out of state ownership. The amendment successfully became law and Amcore Bank placed a lien on the property. A year later the armory was put up as collateral as the loans were consolidated and renewed. Controversy surrounded the armory in 1999 as OIC Administrator Carl Towns claimed the National Guard had left the armory in disrepair, a claim National Guard Col. Joe Vecchio (Retired) refuted as false. The same year Towns complained about the armory&#39;s condition OIC went bankrupt and left the facility in the hands of Amcore Bank. The bank foreclosed on the property and began a search for a new owner.</p><br>
<p>As Amcore searched for a new owner, in 2000, local historic preservation activist Sylvia Doyle-Pagel sought landmark status for the armory. The banks legal team was against this move and recommended to the Rockford City Council that the status be denied. The council went ahead with the designation anyway, despite the opposition of one of the city aldermen. Doyle-Pagel successfully petitioned for the armorys inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places and the status was granted on August 10, 2000.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 Mirador LLC took over ownership of the 1930s building and the armory stayed vacant. Finally in 2006 the building was donated to the City of Rockford by Jocelyn Blair-Stoller of Mirador LLC.</p><br>
<p>Eastover is a historic site in Manalapan, Florida. It is located at 1100 South Ocean Boulevard. On December 23, 2002, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property was built for Harold Stirling Vanderbilt and his wife, Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt, in 1930. It was designed by Swiss architect Maurice Fatio.</p><br>
<p>It is currently a private, single-family residence. A portion of the home has been demolished and the land has been subdivided. The home had approximately 500 ft of ocean and intracoastal frontage, but now it has been reduced to 350 ft. The estate has more than 3.75 acre of direct oceanfront land (according to tax records). The estate also includes a detached guest house, built in the mid-1990s.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, Randolph Apperson Hearst, a son of William Randolph Hearst, bought Eastover from film producer and shopping mall magnate Melvin Simon.</p><br>
<p>The Peotone Mill, formerly known as the Rathje Mill, is located in the village of Peotone, Illinois, which is in Will County, Illinois, United States. The mill was donated to the Village of Peotone in the early 1980s. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as well as the Will County Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry A. Rathje is credited with building the windmill, but it was his father, Frederick Rathje, with Christoph Elling, who agreed to build the mill. The warranty deed from July 3, 1871 confirms this. An account of the Rathje family was contained in the 1900 Genealogical and Biographical Record of Will County. According to it, Rathje (Henry) married Wilhelmina Luhmann in 1874, Luhmann was an immigrant from Hanover, Germany. After marrying, Rathje entered the milling business during which time he acquired the windmill at Peotone and operated it for twelve years. Henry Rathje is listed as the proprietor on a mill invoice.</p><br>
<p>The structure was designed by Dutch millwrights. The design, which included the mills 60 foot tower, makes it the only "skyscraper" in Peotone. The mills integrity has, for the most part, been maintained throughout its existence and it is a familiar visual landmark in Peotone and Will County.</p><br>
<h2>Mill operation</h2><br>
<p>The windmill at Peotone provided a variety of grain products. Fine wheat, rye and buckwheat flours, as well as cornmeal were common products the grist mill offered. The local livestock industry depended upon the mill as its primary source for feed. Thus, the mills busiest time of year was during the autumn when livestock farmers would stock up for the winter with the mills freshly ground grain products. The mills surplus product was stored in a building that was once attached to west side of the windmill. Income for Rathje came from a "toll" which the mill charged. The toll was essentially a fraction of the finished product, these tolls were governed by state laws. In 1885 the wind powered grist mill was switched over to steam power. Tales handed down through the Rathje family speak of the windmills sails rotting and cite this as the reason for the change over to steam power.</p><br>
<p>The exact date the mill ceased operation can not be projected with any great accuracy. It is suspected that the mill ended operations sometime around 1889. It is known, however, from the Genealogical Record of 1900 that by that date the mill had been rendered unprofitable by modern mill methods and Rathje had abandoned it. The mill, however, continued to operate in some capacity until World War I when it finally closed entirely in 1917.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>For nearly 100 years the windmill in Peotone stood silent and empty. Rathje&#39;s son, Paul W. Rathje, performed routine maintenance on the mill during this time. Paul had two children, Paul and Helen, and the mill was eventually passed on to Paul C. Rathje, the grandson of Henry. He realized the historic importance of the mill structure and donated it to the Village of Peotone in 1982. That same year, the mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Peotone Historical Society undertook the task of restoring the mill to its original, working condition. They have divided the project into several phases and continue maintenance and restoration. In 2004 the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois did grant the Peotone Historical Society $5,000 to conduct a structural assessment of the mill.</p><br>
